Inserted Gene to

Plants to become
Pest Resistant

LEILA JANE MIRANDA

SSC 8 MENDEL
Genes from  have been used in
various ways to enhance plant resistance.
a. Bacillus thuringeensis
b. Bacilus thuringensis
c. Bacillus thuringiensis
d. Baciluss thurigiensis

C
• What do you call the specific gene produce by
Bacillus thuringiensis that is inserted to plants
to become pest resistant
a. DELTA ENDOTOXIN
b. ENOLPYRUVYLSHIKIMATE
c. DELTA ENDOXIN
d. ENALPYRIVYLSHIKIMATE

A
• Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup) tolerance
conferred by expression of a glyphosate-tolerant
form of the plant enzyme 5-
_______________________-3-phosphate
synthase (EPSPS) isolated from the soil
bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain
CP4v
• A. ENOLPYRUVYLSHALKIMATE
• B. ENALPYRUVYLSHIKIMATE
C. ENALPYRIVYLSHIKIMATE
• D. ENOLPYRUVYLSHIKIMATE

D
Where the Story Began......
• For centuries, humans have searched
for crop plants that can survive and
produce in spite of insect pests.
Knowingly or unknowingly, ancient
farmers selected for pest resistance
genes in their crops, sometimes by
actions as simple as collecting seed
from only the highest-yielding plants
in their fields.
• With the advent of genetic
engineering, genes for insect
resistance now can be moved into
plants more quickly and deliberately.
Bt technology is only one example of
ways genetic engineering may be
used to develop insect resistant
crops now and in the future.
The “Bt concept” – pest resistant transgenic plants
• Bacillus thuringiensis, or  Bt, is a bacterium that
has attracted much attention for its use in pest
control. The soil bacterium produces a protein
 that is toxic to various herbivorous insects. The
protein, known as Bt toxin, is produced in an
inactive, crystalline form.
• When consumed by insects, the protein is
converted to its active, toxic form (delta
endotoxin), which in turn destroys the gut of the
insect. Bt preparations are commonly used in
organic agriculture to control insects, as Bt toxin
occurs naturally and is completely safe for
humans.
 DELTA ENDOTOXIN
• Delta endotoxins (δ-endotoxins, also
called Cry and Cyt toxins) are pore-forming toxins produced
by Bacillus thuringiensis species of bacteria. They are useful
for their insecticidal action.
• During spore formation the bacteria produce crystals of this
protein. When an insect ingests these proteins, they are
activated by proteolytic cleavage. The N-terminus is cleaved
in all of the proteins and a C-terminal extension is cleaved in
some members. Once activated, the endotoxin binds to the 
gut epithelium and causes cell lysis by the formation of 
cation-selective channels, which leads to death. The
activated region of the delta toxin is composed of three
distinct structural domains: an N-terminal helical bundle
domain (InterPro: IPR005639) involved in membrane
insertion and pore formation; a beta-sheet central domain
involved in receptor binding; and a C-terminal beta-sandwich
domain (InterPro: IPR005638) that interacts with the N-
terminal domain to form a channe
ENOLPYRUVYLSHIKIMATE
• 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate
synthase  (EPSPS) is an enzyme produced
by plants and microorganisms. It catalyzes
 thechemical reaction:
• It is the biological target of the herbicide 
glyphosate, and a glyphosate-resistant
version of this gene has been used in 
genetically modified crops.
• Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup) tolerance
conferred by expression of a glyphosate-
tolerant form of the plant enzyme 5-
enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate
synthase (EPSPS) isolated from the soil
bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens,
strain CP4
INSECTICIDES
Benzoylureas
• Benzoylureas are chemical derivatives of N-
benzoyl-N′-phenylurea (benzoylurea). They are
best known for their use as insecticides. They act
as insect growth regulators by inhibiting synthesis
of chitin in the insect's body.

• One of the more commonly used benzoylurea

pesticides is diflubenzuron. Others include
chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, and
triflumuron. Lufenuron is the active compound in
flea control medication for pet dogs and cats
Diflubenzuron
• Diflubenzuron is a benzoylurea-type insecticide of
the benzamide class. It is used in forest
management and on field crops to selectively
control insect pests, particularly forest tent
caterpillar moths, boll weevils, gypsy moths, and
other types of moths. The mechanism of action of
diflubenzuron involves inhibiting the production
of chitin which is used by an insect to build its
exoskeleton
Tebufenozide
• Tebufenozide is an insecticide that acts as a
molting hormone. It is an agonist of the ecdysone
receptor that causes premature molting in larvae.
It is primarily used against caterpillar pests.
• 
• Because it has high selectivity for the targeted
pests and low toxicity otherwise, the company
that discovered tebufenozide, Rohm and Haas,
was given a Presidential Green Chemistry Award
for its development.
Methoprene
• Methoprene is a juvenile hormone (JH) analog which
acts as a growth regulator when used as an insecticide. It
is an amber-colored liquid with a faint fruity odor which
is essentially nontoxic to humans when ingested or
inhaled. It is used in drinking water cisterns to control
mosquitoes which spread dengue fever and malaria.[2]
• 
• Methoprene does not kill insects. Instead, it acts as an
insect growth regulator, mimicking natural juvenile
hormone. Juvenile hormone must be absent for a pupa
to molt to an adult, so methoprene-treated larvae will be
unable to successfully change from pupae to adults.
Methoprene
• This breaks the biological life cycle of the insect,
preventing recurring infestation. Methoprene is used
in the production of a number of foods, including
meat, milk, mushrooms, peanuts, rice, and cereals.
It also has several uses on domestic animals (pets)
for controlling fleas. Methoprene is considered a
biological pesticide because rather than controlling
target pests through direct toxicity, methoprene
interferes with an insect’s lifecycle and prevents it
from reaching maturity or reproducing.
• 
Methoprene
• Methoprene is commonly used as a mosquito
larvicide used to help stop the spread of the
West Nile virus.
• 
• Methoprene is also used as a food additive in
cattle feed to prevent fly breeding in the
manure.
• 
• Methoprene may be responsible for the death
of lobsters.
Hydroprene
• Hydroprene is an insect growth
regulator used as an insecticide. It
is used against cockroaches,
beetles, and moths.[1] Products
using hydroprene include Gencor,
Gentrol, and Raid Max Sterilizer
Discs
•THE END