PERSONAL

IDENTIFICATION
ADONIS AGUILAR
MERCURIO
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
 Q1
answer
A system of identification which is
done by drawing a figure on parts
of body to identify and prevent
desertion of mercenary soldiers.
a. Bertillon System
b. Branding and Maiming

c. Cutting of Hand
d. Tattooing

05/19/2020
 Q2
answer
Fingerprints were used on clay
tablets for business transactions.
a. Ancient Babylon
b. Ancient China
c. 14th Century Persia

d. Nova Scotia

05/19/2020
 Q3
answer
He discussed fingerprints as a means of
personal identification, and the use of
printers ink as a method for obtaining
such fingerprints. He is also credited
with the first fingerprint identification
of a greasy fingerprint left on an
alcohol bottle.
a. John Evangelist Purkinje

b. Sir William Herschel

c. Dr. Henry Faulds

d. Marcello Malpighi
05/19/2020
 Q4
answer
The innermost layer of the
epidermis where new cells are
created.
a. sebaceous layer
b. subcutaneous layer
c. generating layer

d. papillae

05/19/2020
 Q5
answer
An ending ridge of any length
rising at a sufficient degree from
the horizontal plane; i.e., 45° or
more.
a. recurve
b. loop

c. upthrust
d. angle

05/19/2020
 Q6
answer
Following are the essential
elements of a loop, EXCEPT
a. core
b. sufficient recurve
c. delta

d. ridge count across a looping

ridge

05/19/2020
 Q7
answer
Consists of at least one recurving
ridge, or an obstruction at right
angles to the line of flow, with two
deltas, between which, when an
imaginary line is drawn, no recurving
ridge within the inner pattern area is
cut or touched.
a. central pocket loop
b. accidental
c. plain whorl
05/19/2020
 Q8
answer
That point on a ridge at or in front of
and nearest the center of the
divergence of the type lines.
a. focal point

b. bifurcation

c. delta

d. core

05/19/2020
 Q9
answer
Rule in Blocking: Under the index
fingers the appropriate capital letters
should be placed for every pattern
except the
a. ulnar loop

b. plain whorl

c. radial loop

d. double loop

05/19/2020
 Q10
answer
In the classification line, the order
should be
a. primary, secondary, subsecondary,
final, key, major
b. major, key, primary, secondary,
subsecondary final
c. key, major, primary, secondary,
subsecondary, final
d. primary, secondary, subsecondary,
major, key, final
05/19/2020
 Q11
answer
The total possible primary
classifications from 1 over 1 to 32 over
32.
a. 2,024

b. 1,500

c. 1,024

d. 3,000

05/19/2020
 Q12
answer
Secondary classification: RIGHT HAND:
1 = \, 2 = R, 3 = \, 4 = \, 5 = \; LEFT
HAND: 6 = a, 7 = /, 8 = /, 9 = /, 10 = /.
a. R/aU

b. aR3r/rU2ra

c. U/R

d. W/W

05/19/2020
 Q13
answer
Subsecondary classification: RIGHT
HAND: 1 = \; ridge count: 26 , 2 = R;
ridge count: 12, 3 = W; ridge traced: O,
4 = \; ridge count: 17, 5 = \; ridge
count: 12; LEFT HAND: 6 = W; ridge
traced: I, 7 = W; ridge traced: M, 8 = /;
ridge count: 18, 9 = W; ridge count: I,
10 = /; ridge count 15.
a. MOI/OOO

b. OOO/MOI

c. IMO/IOI
05/19/2020
 Q14
answer
This can be eliminated if a Small Letter
Classification was possible.
a. primary

b. key

c. final

d. major

05/19/2020
 Q15
answer
When may whorl be ridge counted
instead of ridge traced?
a. final

b. major

c. primary

d. key

05/19/2020
 Q16
answer
It is obtained by counting the ridges of
the first loop appearing on the
fingerprint card (beginning with the
right thumb), exclusive of the little
fingers which are never considered for
the key as they are reserved for the
final.
a. primary

b. key
c. final

d. major
05/19/2020
 Q17
answer
A second classification system currently
in use in the United States.
a. National Crime Information Council

b. National Center for Crime

Information
c. National Crime Information Center

d. National Council for Information on

Crime

05/19/2020
 Q18
answer
What is the classification of the finger that cannot be
determined with reasonable accuracy as to the:
I. General type of pattern
II. Ridge tracing
III. Ridge count
a. general classification and subclassification is that
of the corresponding finger of the other hand.
b. primary value of the pattern of the corresponding
finger and the subclassification value as indicated
by the ridges of partially scarred impressions.
c. ridge count or tracing value of the corresponding
finger of the other hand, if the corresponding finger
is of the same general type.
d. whorls with meeting tracings.
05/19/2020
 Q19
answer
The approximate height of the
inking area and cardholder from
the floor.
a. 39"
b. 50"
c. 30"

d. 40"

05/19/2020
 Q20
answer
Found all over the body but higher
density on friction ridge surfaces
(palms & soles).
a. Eccrine glands
b. Sebaceous glands
c. Apocrine glands

d. Endocrine glands

05/19/2020
 Q21
answer
This technique should be used as a
last process. Development takes
place after exposing the treated
material with strong light such as
ultraviolet light.
a. Iodine fuming

b. Ninhydrin

c. Physical developer

d. Silver nitrate
05/19/2020
 Q22
answer
If a fingerprint is visible, an effort
should be made to photograph it before
any attempt is made to develop it. In
every case a print developed with
powder should be
a. Lifted before photographing

b. Photographed before lifting

c. Lifted and placed in backing card

before photograhing
d. Wrapped in plastic before
photographing
05/19/2020
 Q23
answer
A digital imaging system used to
obtain, store and compare fingerprint
data for law enforcement purposes.
a. AFIS

b. Biometrics

c. IBIS

d. Digital comparison

05/19/2020
 Q24
answer
In fingerprint comparison, the ridge
characteristics of the questioned print
will be compared with ridge
characteristics of the standard print. A
point of similarities must be properly
established to obliterate some doubts.
In the Philippines, the points of identity
is
a. 12

b. 16

c. 17
05/19/2020
 Q25
answer
The questioned prints and the standard
print must be enlarged (photographed)
in
a. 8" x 8"

b. 8" x 10"

c. 10" x 10"

d. 12" x 12"

05/19/2020
 Q26
answer
A forensic identification science that is
associated with all of the ridges on the
volar areas and not just on finger tips.
a. Dactylography

b. Dactyloscopy

c. Poroscopy

d. Ridgeology

05/19/2020
 Q27
answer
When two complementary strands of
DNA are hybridized or bound together a
ladder like structure is formed. Because
of the three dimensional structure of
the chemical components in the
backbone, a spiral configuration
results. This natural state of DNA is
called
a. Double helix

b. Double strands

c. Double spiral
05/19/2020
 Q1
A system of identification which is
done by drawing a figure on parts
of body to identify and prevent
desertion of mercenary soldiers.
a. Bertillon System
b. Branding and Maiming

c. Cutting of Hand
d. Tattooing

05/19/2020
 Topic: Past Systems of ID
1. Branding and even maiming
were used to mark the criminal;
2. Cutting of hand of thief;
3. Tattooing to identify and
prevent desertion of mercenary
soldiers; 

05/19/2020
 Next Question

Topic: Past Systems of ID

4. Visual memories (camera eyes)
to identify previously arrested
offenders by sight;
5. Photography
6. Bertillon System: (1)
photograph, (2) portrait parle,
(3) anthropometry; proven
inaccurate in Will and William
West Case
05/19/2020
 Q2
Fingerprints were used on clay
tablets for business transactions.
a. Ancient Babylon
b. Ancient China
c. 14th Century Persia

d. Nova Scotia

05/19/2020
 Topic: Prehistoric
Next Question

Fingerprinting
 Nova Scotia - picture writing of hand
with ridge patterns
 Babylon – fingerprints were used on
clay tablets for business transactions.
 Ancient China – thumb prints were
found on clay seals.
 14th century Persia - various official
government papers had fingerprints
(impressions)

05/19/2020
 Q3
He discussed fingerprints as a means of
personal identification, and the use of
printers ink as a method for obtaining
such fingerprints. He is also credited
with the first fingerprint identification
of a greasy fingerprint left on an
alcohol bottle.
a. John Evangelist Purkinje

b. Sir William Herschel

c. Dr. Henry Faulds

d. Marcello Malpighi
05/19/2020
 Topic: Fingerprint
Personalities
1. Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) –
described:
a. Innumerable little ridges, of equal bigness
on ends of first joints of fingers
b. Sweat pores, epidermal ridges & their
arrangements
2. Govard Bidloo (1685) – illustrated
friction ridge & pore structure on
underside of fingers; did not mention
individuality of friction ridges
3. Marcello Malpighi (1686) – Treatise:
ridges, spirals, & loops; Malpighi layer
05/19/2020
 Topic: Fingerprint
Personalities
4. J.C.A. Mayer (1788) – 1st to state
repetitiveness & similarity of friction ridge
patterns, & non-duplication of ridges
5. John Evangelist Purkinje (1823) – Thesis: 9
fingerprint patterns; no mention about
personal identification.
6. Inez Whipple & Harris Hawthorne Wilder
(1904) – explained:
a. Development and origin of friction ridges
b. Ridge configuration on volar surfaces
7. Harold Cummins & Charles Midloo (1943) –
described formation & development of
volar pads on human fetus
05/19/2020
 Topic: Fingerprint
Personalities
8. Alfred Hale (1952) – studied cross-sections
of fetal skin; described formation of
friction ridges during fetal development &
differential growth of friction ridges.
9. Sir William Herschel (1856) – First used
fingerprints on native contracts in
Jungipoor, India; no thought toward
personal identification; noted that no
changes in his fingerprints recorded over
period of 57 years.
10. Henry Faulds (1880) – Took up study of skin
furrows; contribution: (1) fingerprint:
means of identification, & (2) method of
05/19/2020
classification; 1st fingerprint identification
 Topic: Fingerprint
Personalities
11. Gilbert Thompson (1882) – Used his
thumb print on document to prevent
forgery – first known use of
fingerprints in the U.S.
12. Alphonse Bertillon (1882) – Bertillon
System: Anthropometry,
Photography & Portrait Parle
13. Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens)
(1883) – Recognized value of
fingerprints to personal identification
in his fiction books.
05/19/2020
 Topic: Fingerprint
Personalities
14. Sir Francis Galton (1888) –
Fingerprints as means of
identification in 1880s; originated 1
in 64 billion chance of 2 fingerprints
being same; ridge characteristics –
minutiae or Galton’s details
15. Juan Vucetich (1891) – Began
fingerprint files based on Galton
pattern types; made first criminal
fingerprint identification in 1892
(Francis Rojas case); devised his own
system of classification.
05/19/2020
 Topic: Fingerprint
Personalities
16. Azizul Haque & Hem Chandra Bose (1897) – 2
Indian fingerprint experts credited w/ primary
development of Henry System of fingerprint
classification (named for their supervisor,
Edward Richard Henry).
17. Sir Edward Richard Henry (1901) – Widely
known for his Henry System of Classification.
18. Dr. Henry P. DeForrest (1902) – Pioneers U.S.
fingerprinting.
19. Edmond Locard (1918) – Originated 12 points
in arriving at individualization; advanced
poroscopy as a means of identification
20. Salil Kumar (1905-1908) – advanced
edgeoscopy: using specific ridge-edge shapes to
05/19/2020
supplement fingerprint individualization.
 Topic: Philippine Setting
1. Mr. Jones – first taught FP in PC
in 1900
2. Bureau of Prisons – 1918
Carpetas bore FP
3. Lt. Asa N. Darby – established
modern & complete FP files
under Philippine Commonwealth
4. Capt Thomas Dugan (NYPD) &
Flaviano Guerrero (FBI) – gave
first examinations in FP in 1937.
05/19/2020
 Next Question
Topic: Philippine Setting
5. Agustin Patricio – topped 1st
examinatins in FP in 1937
6. People vs Medina, 59 Phil. 330
(Dec. 28, 1933) – 1st conviction
based on FP
7. Plaridel Education Institute
(now PCCR) – 1st school to teach
FP & other police sciences

05/19/2020
 Q4
The innermost layer of the
epidermis where new cells are
created.
a. sebaceous layer
b. subcutaneous layer
c. generating layer

d. papillae

05/19/2020
 Topic: Scientific Basis of
Friction Skin
Identification
FINGERPRINT defined
impression of friction ridge of all
or any part of finger

05/19/2020
 Tenets of Friction Skin
Identification
1. Unique – all areas of friction
skin: totally individual.
2. Permanent – location,
appearance & relationships of
features remain unchanged
throughout person’s lifetime.

05/19/2020
 Nature of Skin
Skin
 Largest organ of human body
 Approx. 15-20% of body weight;
occupies 2 sq. m. of surface area
 Relatively smooth, except (1)
palmar side of hands, & (2) plantar
side of feet
 Volar skin: biologists; friction ridge
skin: fingerprint examiners;
fingerprint: public
05/19/2020
05/19/2020
05/19/2020
Stratum Corneum:
Basale:
Spinosum:
Lucidum:
Granulosum:
a.k.a.
a.k.a.
a.k.a.
stratum
a.k.a.
cornified
spinous
hyalin
germinativum
granular
layer
layer;or“pickle
flat
horny
layer;
or
&
layer; outermost
translucent
initiates
cells”
generating
– many
process
dead
layer;
sided
of
layer;
cells;
keratinization
cells
creates
appears
flat,
w/ arranged
“spines”
newonly
(dying
cells;
on
protruding
in palms
rows
deepest
processas
&
dead
soles
of
from
layer;
cells);
surface.
cells.
parallel
last of
toliving
basementcells.membrane.

05/19/2020
05/19/2020
 Basement
Membrane

05/19/2020
Summary of Formation of
Ridges
1. General patterns on volar areas:
determined by heredity &
genetic master plan.
2. Friction ridges: randomly
formed because of biological
variation.
3. Biological variations:
environmental influences
occurring during fetal
development.
05/19/2020
SummaryNext
ofQuestion
Formation of
Ridges
4. Environmental influences: pressures,
stresses, & other physical factors
such as disease & nutrition. Thus, no
two areas of friction skin will ever be
same.
5. Identical twins may have similar
friction skin patterns but their
individual ridge formations will not
be same.
6. Ridges: formed & become unique &
permanent during approximately 4th
mo of fetal life.
05/19/2020
 Q5
An ending ridge of any length
rising at a sufficient degree from
the horizontal plane, i.e., 45° or
more.
a. recurve
b. loop

c. upthrust
d. angle

05/19/2020
 Topic: Fingerprint
Pattern Interpretation
TYPES OF PATTERNS
I. Arch (5%): a. Plain Arch b.
Tented Arch
II. Loop (60%): a. Radial Loop b.
Ulnar Loop
III. Whorl (35%): a. Plain Whorl b.
Central Pocket Loop c. Double
Loop d. Accidental Loop
Next Question
05/19/2020
 Q6
Following are the essential
elements of a loop, EXCEPT
a. core TOPIC: LOOPS
b. sufficient recurve
c. delta

d. ridge count across a looping

ridge

05/19/2020
asic Requirements of Loop
Loop
Description
 1 or more
Sufficient recurve
ridges enter
upon either
side,
Ridge  recurve,
count  touch/pass
across a imaginary line
looping between delta &
Delta
ridge core, &
 pass out/tend
to pass out
05/19/2020
upon same side
 Ridge Counting: Rules to
Remember
15 Count Loop 1. Draw line: delta &
Core:Spik
e 2. core
1 RC per touch/cut
3. 1 ridge: looping ridge

4. Delta & core: not

5. counted
Fragments & dots:
thick (to be counted)
6. Bifurcation: 1 RC per
fork touched
7. Line on point of
bifurcation: 2 RC
Delta: Bifurcation
05/19/2020
05/19/2020
 Types of Loops
Ulnar Loop (Right
Hand)
Description
 Flow of ridges: flow
toward the little
finger – Ulna bone.
 Indicated by
diagonal line in
direction loop flows
 Remember:

 RH & D is LS
 LH & D is RS

05/19/2020
 Next Question
Types of Loops
Radial Loop Right
Hand
Description
 Flow of ridges: flow
toward the thumb –
Radius bone.
 Indicated by “R” in
fingers 2 & 7 & by “r”
in all other fingers.
 Remember:
 RH & D is RS
 LH & D is LS

05/19/2020
 Q7
Consists of at least one recurving
ridge, or an obstruction at right
angles to the line of flow, with two
deltas, between which, when an
imaginaryTOPIC: WHORL
line is drawn, no recurving
ridge within the inner pattern area is
cut or touched.
a. central pocket loop
b. accidental
c. plain whorl
05/19/2020
 WHORL
 Used in deriving “primary”
classification
 At least 2 deltas
 Recurve in front in each
 All whorl types: Whorl;
Designation: “W”

05/19/2020
 Plain Whorl
1. Simplest form of
2. whorl
Most common
Description
whorl
 2 “W”:
3.
deltas general &
extension classif
 at least 1 ridge
making complete
circuit or variant of
circle
 Imaginary line:
delta – delta –
cut/touch at least 1
recurving ridge
within inner pattern
05/19/2020 area.
 Warning: Plain Whorl

 Recurving ridge
with appendage in
line of flow: not
circuit
 Appendage: spoil
recurve on that side
 Pattern: Not whorl
but loop
appendage
05/19/2020
 Central Pocket Loop
Whorl
1. ForDescription
extension

2.
2 deltas
purposes
“W”: general
 At least 1 ridge:
classif; “C”:
3. complete
extension
No circuit in
recurve –
spiral,
front of delta oval,
in
circular,
inner variant
pattern of
circle
area: obstruction
 at Obstruction
right angles to at
right
line angle
of flow
 suffices
Imaginary line
(delta & core): NOT
cutting/touching
05/19/2020 recurving ridge
 Inner Line of Flow

Inner line of flow: Imaginary line between inner

delta & center of innermost recurve or looping
ridge.

05/19/2020
 Obstruction at Right
Angle RuleNo recurve in front
1.
of delta in inner
PA: A MUST –
obstruction @
right angles to line
2. of
Noflow (ORALOF)
ORALOF: Loop
3. ORALOF: curved
4. ORALOF: straight
5. ORALOF: not dot
6. Right angle rule:
only in obstruction
7. Recurve/obstructio
8. Recurve/obstruction w/ n: no appendage in
appendage in line of flow line of flow
05/19/2020
 Double Loop
Description
1. For
2 extension
separate loop
purpose
2. formations,
“W”: general
 classif;
2 separate “D”:
and
extension sets not
3. distinct
Separate: of
shoulders,
unconnected; 2
 loops
2 deltas may be
 connected
No RC needed by
appendage (not at
 Appendage rule in
right angles
loop applies
between shoulders
 “S” type whorls,
of recurve)
“interlocking
loops”, & 1 loop
05/19/2020 inside another:
 “S” Type

05/19/2020
 “Interlocking” Type

05/19/2020
 Accidental
Description
 Type 1
1. Combinations: L +
 combination of 2
T; L + W; L + C; D
2. different
+ C, etc. types of
Exceedingly
pattern
unusual patterns
 notplain arch:in not
defined any
included
other classes
 2 or more deltas

 Type 2
 pattern: w/ some
requirements for 2
or more different
types
05/19/2020  Type 3
 Ridge Tracing

5. Meeting
Inner =
==-3 ridges inside or outside right delta
3.
1.
2.
4. Outer (I)
Trace:
Count (O) 33delta
or
or++ridges
intervening
left to inside
ridges:
point
ridges right&delta
opposite
RT
outside right
right right
delta
delta
delta.
05/19/2020
 Ridge Tracing
1. Tracing always on
left delta; not on
2. type line.
Exception: type
line – next lower
ridge after RT
3. breaks
Delta: 1st recurve –
continue toward
right delta
4. RT ends abruptly
& definitely: next
lower ridge
5. Short breaks: not
definite ridge
05/19/2020
endings
 Next Question
Ridge Tracing
6. RT bifurcates:
lower limb/branch
7. followed
3 or + deltas:
extreme deltas
8. RT in d & X: stop
tracing on nearest
point to right delta
9. on
No upward
upwardtrend
trend:
tracing to point
opposite right
delta/delta itself

05/19/2020
 Q8
That point on a ridge at or in front of
and TOPIC:
nearest the RULES
center of the
divergence of the type lines.
IN
a. focal point
SELECTING
b. bifurcation

c. delta TYPELINES,
d. core DELTA, &
CORE

05/19/2020
 Type Lines
1. Not always
2. continuous
Definite break –
continuation:
immediate ridge
Type Lines
3. outside
May be very short
 2 innermost ridges
4. 2 forks of
 start parallel
bifurcation: not
 diverge
5. type lines
Exception: forks
 surround/tend
run to
parallel after
surround
bifurcating pattern&
area (PA)
diverge
6. Angular formation:
not type line

Divergence
Bifurcation
05/19/2020 – spreading apartof
– forking/dividing of 1
2 line
linesinto
running
2/more
 Pattern Area
Description
 Only part of finger
impression for
interpretation &
classification
 Present in Ls & Ws
 Impossible to
define: As & Ts
 Part of L/W: cores,
deltas, & ridges for
classification
 Enclosed by type
lines
05/19/2020  Enclosed focal
 Delta
Description
Rules: Choice of 2/+
 Point
Types onofridge
Delta- (1)
1.atNot Deltas
@ in bifur not
or (2)
1. Bifurcation front of
oropening
(3) nearest toward
center
2. Abrupt ending
core
Bifur
2.of: & another:
DIVERGENCE OF
ridge
Dot
bifur
3.type selected
lines
4. 2/+
3. Short possible
ridge deltas
Webster
5. 4
 conforming
Meeting
th
Letterofof 2 Greek to
definition:
ridges
Alphabet nearest
6. Point on 1st
4. corein
 Not
chosen
mid of name
ridge
recurving
Phoenician ridge
between
nearest
for totype lines
center
corresponding &
toward
in
letter front core; of
nearer end only
 divergence
Greek: of type
alluvial
05/19/2020
lines at mouth of
deposit
 Delta
 Dot: not delta; line D
not type line
 Line D: not type line;
not running parallel
 to type
Dot: line A–A
delta
 Line
 E: not type line;
Bifurcations: not
not running
delta; do not parallel
open
to type line
toward coreA–A
 End of ridge E:
delta; nearest to
center of divergence
of type lines
05/19/2020
 Core
 Definition:
approximate center
of finger impression
 Rules in Selecting
Core of Loop:
1. Upon/within
innermost
sufficient
recurve (ISR)
2. ISR: no ending
ridge/rod rising
as high as
shoulders of
05/19/2020
loop (RAHASOL)
 Core
 Rules in Selecting
Core of Loop:
3. ISR: uneven #
of rods RAHAS
– end of center
rod (touching
looping
ridge/not):
core
4. ISR: even # of
rods RAHAS –
end of farther
1 of 2 center
rods (2 center
05/19/2020
rods treated as
 Core: Rules in
Next Question

Interlocking Loops
1. Shoulder line
crossing exactly at
point of intersection
of 2 loops: 2 loops
as 1 w/ 1 rod – core
2. @ rod
Shoulder line1 above
4. 2 loops as w/ 2
point
rods –of core
intersection
farther
of
from2 delta
loops: 2 loops
as 1 w/ 2 rods – core
3. farther
Shoulderfrom
linedelta
below
point of intersection
of 2 loops: 2 loops
as 1 w/ 2 rods –
05/19/2020 core farther from
 Q9
Rule in Blocking: Under the index
fingers the appropriate capital letters
TOPIC:
should be placed for every pattern
except the Classificatio
n Formula &
a. ulnar loop

b. plain whorl
Extension
c. radial loop

d. double loop

05/19/2020
 Classification Formula
 Blocking out – 1st step in
classifying; identifying pattern
types of all 10 fingers
a. Index Fingers (2 & 7): capital
letter; ulnar loop – diagonal
line slanting in direction of
loop
a. Arch: A
b. Tented Arch: T
c. Radial Loop: R
05/19/2020
 Classification Formula
 Blocking out
b. Other fingers: small letter;
ulnar loops – diagonal line
slanting in direction of loop
(arch – a; tented arch – t;
radial loop – r)
c. All types of whorls: “W”

05/19/2020
 Primary Classification
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5

16 16 8 8 4+1
See
#6 #7 #8
Example #9 #10

4 2 2 1 1+1
1. A.k.a. whorl division 3. EveNumerator (M) _+ 1
(appearance of whorl) OdDenominator(W) +
2. Constants: (1) 4. 1
Possible Primary
Numerical value; (2) +1 combinations: 1,024
5. No whorls in N = value: 1; no whorls in
D = value: 1
05/19/2020
Next Question
 Q10
In the classification line, the order
should be
a. primary, secondary, subsecondary,
final, key, major
b. major, key, primary, secondary,
subsecondary final
c. key, major, primary, secondary,
subsecondary, final
d. primary, secondary, subsecondary,
major, key, final
05/19/2020
 Classification Line

05/19/2020 Next Question

 Q11
The total possible primary
classifications from 1 over 1 to 32 over
32.
a. 2,024

b. 1,500

c. 1,024

d. 3,000

05/19/2020 Next Question

 Q12
Secondary classification: RIGHT HAND:
1 = \, 2 = R, 3 = \, 4 = \, 5 = \; LEFT
HAND: 6 = a, 7 = /, 8 = /, 9 = /, 10 = /.
a. R/aU

b. aR3r/rU2ra

c. U/R

d. W/W

05/19/2020
 Secondary Classification

Capital Letter
a. Type of pattern on
#s 2 & 7
b. 25 possible
combinations
c. Right of Primary in
classification
formula
d. Right hand over
leftSee Example
hand

05/19/2020
Secondary Classification:


Small Letter Group
Small letter patterns of ART: arches, radial
loops, & tented arches on fingers No. 1, 3,
4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10
 Dash (-): absence of ART/between 2 small
letters
 No dash (-) in thumbs if they are not ART

 If 2 or + small letter patterns exist

consecutively, number used indicating series
 Important to classification system:
infrequent occurrence (approx. 7–10% of all
patterns) See Example
 Presence: subsecondary classification &
major division Next
05/19/2020 Question
no longer taken
 Q13
Subsecondary classification: RIGHT
HAND: 1 = \; ridge count: 26 , 2 = R;
ridge count: 12, 3 = W; ridge traced: O,
4 = \; ridge count: 17, 5 = \; ridge
count: 12; LEFT HAND: 6 = W; ridge
traced: I, 7 = W; ridge traced: M, 8 = /;
ridge count: 18, 9 = W; ridge traced: I,
10 = /; ridge count 15.
a. MOI/OOO

b. OOO/MOI

c. IMO/IOI
05/19/2020
 Subsecondary
Classification
 a.k.a. grouping of loops & whorls
 Subdivision of secondary classif
when no small-letters appear
 FBI system: use this division in
cumbersome small-letter groups
 Concerned fingers: 2,3,4,7,8,&9
 Loops = ridge counted
 Whorls = ridge traced
05/19/2020
 Subsecondary
Classification
Table for Loop
Symbol Index (2 & Middle (3 & Ring (4 & 9)
7) 8)
I = Inner 1–9 1 – 10 1 – 13
O = Outer 10 or + 11 or + 14 or +

Table for Whorl

Symbol Tracing
I = Inner RT going inward right delta; 3 or + intervening ridges
O = Outer RT going outward right delta; 3 or + intervening ridges
M = Meeting RT going in & out right delta; ↓3 intervening ridges

05/19/2020
 Subsecondary
Classification

OOO
MOI

Right Hand#=2 (RC:12=O)

# 3 (RT:O)
# 4 (RC:17=O)
Left Hand =# 7 (RT:M)
# 3 (RC: 18=O)
# 4 (RT:I)
05/19/2020 Next Question
 Q14
This can be eliminated if a Small Letter
Classification was possible.
a. primary

b. key

c. final

d. major

This holds true with subsecondary classif

05/19/2020
 Major Division
 Concerns: thumbs, loops &
whorls
 Whorls: RT=I, O, & M
 Loops: RC=S, M, & L
 Both thumbs loops = consider
left thumb 1st; RC of left thumb
determines table for right
thumb.

05/19/2020
 Major Division
Table 1
Symbol Ridge
Count
S = Small 1 – 11
M = 12 – 16
Table 2
Medium
Always for left thumb
1.
Symbol Ridge
L =Right
2. Large
thumb:17 RC or +
of Left
Thumb ↓17 Count
S = Small 1 – 17
M = 18 – 22
Medium
1. Right thumb: RC of Left
L =17Large
or + 23 or +
05/19/2020
 Major Division
1.
2.
3. Consider
RC
Refer
forto first
Left
the left thumb:
Thumb:
table (1) RCthumb
17ororleft
+, = 18 2 for
Table
Right Thumb

Symbol Ridge
Count
S = Small 1
1 –– 11
17
M = 18
12 –– 22
16
Medium
L = Large 17 or +
23

L
L Next Question
05/19/2020
 Q15
When may whorl be ridge counted
instead of ridge traced?
a. final

b. major
Topic: Final Classification
c. primary

d. key

05/19/2020
 Final Classification
 RC of loop of right little finger
 Things to remember:
 L/L = # 5
 L/W= # 5

 W/L = # 10

 W/W= # 5; whorl treated as Ulnar

Loop
 Use of whorl for final: only in large
group or collection of prints = 32/32
primary
05/19/2020

 Final Classification
 Rules: Whorl Treated as Ulnar
Loop
 RC: left delta to core (right hand)
 RC: right delta to core (left hand)

 RC (X): left delta (right hand) to

core w/ least # of ridges distant
from delta.
 RC (X): right delta (left hand) to
core w/ least # of ridges distant
from delta.
See Example Next Question
 RC (d): delta to core of upright loop.
05/19/2020
 Q16
It is obtained by counting the ridges of
the first loop appearing on the
fingerprint card (beginning with the
right thumb), exclusive of the little
fingers Topic:
whichKey
are Classification
never considered for
the key as they are reserved for the
final.
a. primary

b. key
c. final

d. major
05/19/2020
 Key Classification
 First loop appearing from #1 except #
5 & # 10
 Always placed to extreme left of
numerator of classification formula

05/19/2020
 Extensions
 used only when filing systems become
 too large or

 Cumbersome

 WCDX Extension: Used for large Whorl Groups

such as: 32/32
 W,C,D,X (capital letters) – whorl pattern on
index fingers.
 w, c, d, x (lower case letters) – whorl pattern
on all other fingers.
 Placed above the sub-secondary (instead of
using a second sub-secondary).

05/19/2020
 Extensions
 2nd Subsecondary: used when a
group of fingerprints becomes
too
 cumbersome and
 unwieldy.

 Placed directly above the Sub-

Secondary.
 Use the following chart (based on
ridge counts): Index – 1-5=S, 6-
12=M, 13 or +=L; Middle – 1– 8 = S,
05/19/2020
9–14 = M, Next
15 orQuestion
+ = L; Ring – 1–
 Q17
A second classification system currently
in use in the United States.
a. National Crime Information Council
Topic: NCIC
b. National Classification
Center for Crime
Information
c. National Crime Information Center

d. National Council for Information on

Crime

05/19/2020
 NCIC Classification
 Eliminates person as suspected
wanted person
 Less subject to error in
transmission than Henry
Classification
 Convertible to Henry
Classification for searching
fingerprint files
 Printed in straight line of 20
alphabetic & numeric characters
05/19/2020
 Pattern Subgroup Code
Arch Plain Arch AA
  Tented Arch TT
Loop Radial Loop RC + 50
  Ulnar Loop RC; if less
than 10:
precede w/
0. next
Whorl Plain Whorl P + RT
See Example  Central C +RT
Pocket Loop
  Double Loop d + RT
  Accidental X + RT
Missing or   XX
Amputated
Finger
Completely   SR
Scarred or
Mutilated
05/19/2020
Pattern
 Q18
What is the classification of the finger that cannot be
determined with reasonable accuracy as to the:
I. General type of pattern
II. Ridge tracing
III. Ridge count
a. general classification and subclassification is that
of the corresponding finger of the other hand.
b. primary value of the pattern of the corresponding
Topic:
finger andClassification
the subclassificationof Scarred
value as indicated
by the ridges of partially scarred impressions.
c.
Patterns—Amputations—Missing
ridge count or tracing value of the corresponding
finger of the otherat Birth
hand, if the corresponding finger
is of the same general type.
d. whorls with meeting tracings.
05/19/2020
 Classification of Scarred
Patterns—Amputations—
Missing at Birth
Classification of Scarred Patterns

Rule # 1
(So)
Scarred
Impressi
General Pattern on Gen Type
Not Determinable
Ridge Not Subclassif
Tracing
Ridge Determinable
Counting
Not Opposite finger
05/19/2020
 Classification of Scarred
Patterns—Amputations—
Missing at Birth
Classification of Scarred Patterns

Rule # 2
Partially Scarred
General Type
Not Determinable
arge scar around core Gen Type of Opposite
Finger
neral Pattern not determinableSubclassif of Partially
C or RT determinable Scarred Impressions
05/19/2020
 Classification of Scarred
Patterns—Amputations—
Missing at Birth
Classification of Scarred Patterns

Rule # 3
Partially Scarred
General Type
Determinable

General Pattern RT/RC: Opp. finger if

of same Gen Type
Ridge Determinable
Not SR impression: given
Tracing
Ridge Determinable
Counting
Not probable value if opp.
05/19/2020
finger not of same
 Classification of Scarred
Patterns—Amputations—
Missing at Birth
Classification of Scarred Patterns
Rule # 4
(So) Scarred
Impression: Gen
Type & RT/RC
Not
Determinable
General Pattern Not Determinable
RT/RC Not Whorls Meeting
Opp. Finger Determinable
Not
Similarly
05/19/2020
determinable
Scarred
 Application of Rules
1.
TheIfpattern
the opposite finger
is entirely were an
obliterated. It arch,  this
could have
impression
been a small would beaclassified
whorl, as or
small ulnar a. arch,
radialb.loop,
tented
an
arch, or
c. whorl (with
a tented the same tracing) d. ulnar loop,
arch. 
e. radial loop

05/19/2020
 Application of Rules
2. If the opposite finger were a small-count loop,
this would be classified as a. loop of fixed count, b.
loop of same count, c. loop of different count, d.
loop of opposite count

05/19/2020
 Application of Rules
3. If the opposite finger were a large-count loop,
this impression would be given the a. count of
scarred finger, b. count of the next finger, c. count
of the opposite finger, d. count of the preceding
finger

05/19/2020
 Application of Rules
4. If the opposite finger were scarred in the same
fashion or were amputated or missing, both
impressions would be classified as a. arches, b.
ulnar loops with 10 ridge counts, c. radial loops
with 10 ridge counts, d. whorls with meeting
tracings

05/19/2020
 Application of Rules
5. If general
The the opposite
type finger
of thewere
pattern
a whorl
could
thishave
wouldbeen
be
loop (ulnar
classified asifa.inwhorl
the right
withhand)
meeting
or whorl.
tracing, b. whorl
with inner tracing, c. whorl with outer tracing, d.
whorl with same tracing

05/19/2020
 Application of Rules
6. If a radial loop were opposite, this would be
classified as a. radial loop (if in the right hand), b.
radial loop (if in the left hand), c. ulnar loop (if in
the right hand), d. ulnar loop (if in the left hand)

05/19/2020
 Application of Rules
7. Ifridge
The an arch
countorcan
tented
be obtained
arch were
withopposite,
a fair degree
this
of accuracy.would be classified as a. arch, b. loop, c.
impression
whorl, d. SR

05/19/2020
 Application of Rules
8. If ridge
The ridge
the opposite
count
count can
cannot
finger
be obtained
were
be determined
a loop
with
with
a fair
accurately
a count
degree
of
of accuracy.
but
from it6would
to 17,be
this impression
classified as awould
loop, be
no given
mattera.what
that
the opposite
count, b. different
finger might
count,be.
c. opposite count, d. no
count

05/19/2020
 Application of Rules
9. If the count of the opposite loop were 9, the
count for this finger would be given a. Inner (I), b.
Outer (O), c. Small (S), d. Medium (M), e. Large (L)
in the subsecondary classification. 

05/19/2020
 Application of Rules
10. What is the classification of the patterns? a.
arches, b. loops, c. whorls, d. SR

05/19/2020
 Classification of
Amputations & Fingers
Missing at Birth

 Rule # 1: 1 or more amputations

filed separately
 Rule # 2: Definite & unequivocal
statement of
amputations/missing at birth

05/19/2020
 Classification of
Amputations & Fingers
Missing at Birth
 Rule # 3: 1 finger AMP, classif. of
opp. finger – Gen Pattern, RT/RC
& referenced to every other
possible classification

AMP

05/19/2020
 Classification of
Amputations & Fingers
Missing at Birth
 Rule # 4: 2 or more fingers AMP,
classifs. identical w/ fingers opp.
– no additional references

AMP AMP AMP

05/19/2020
 Classification of
Amputations & Fingers
Missing at Birth
 Rule # 5: 2 AMP opp. each other,
classifs of whorls meeting
tracings.

AMP
Whorl, Meeting
AMP
05/19/2020
 Classification of
Amputations & Fingers
Missing at Birth
 Rule # 6: Missing at birth (MAB),
same treatment with AMP.
 Rule # 7: 10 fingers MAB/AMP -

AMP/ AMP/ AMP/ AMP/ AMP/

MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB

AMP/ AMP/ AMP/ AMP/ AMP/

MAB MAB MAB MAB MAB

05/19/2020
 Classification of
Amputations & Fingers
Missing at Birth
 Rule # 8: Both hands AMP/MAB,
FOOTPRINTS taken

AMP/
MAB

AMP/
MAB

05/19/2020
 Classification of
Amputations & Fingers
Missing at Birth
 Rule # 9: Partially AMP (1/2 or ↑ of
Pattern Missing), classif of opp.
finger. Filed in amputation group

Partially
AMP

05/19/2020
 Classification of
Amputations & Fingers
Missing at Birth
 Rule # 10: Tip AMP or ↓1/2 of 1st joint
AMP, classif of opp. finger. Filed in
nonamputation group.

Partially
AMP

05/19/2020
 Classification of
Bandaged or Imprinted
Fingers
 Rule # 1: Temporary injury, if possible
not taken until after healing
 Rule # 2: Injured fingers (inked
impressions impossible to secure):
classifs of opp. fingers
 Rule # 3: Only 1 finger lacking,
reference searches conducted in every
possible classif
 Rule # 4: ↑ one finger lacking, classifs
of opp. fingers; no reference searches
 Rule # 5: 2 lacking opp. fingers, whorls
with meetingNext
05/19/2020 Question
tracings
 Q19
The approximate height of the
inking area and cardholder from
the floor.
a. 39"
Topic: How To Take Inked Fingerprints
b. 50"
c. 30"

d. 40"

05/19/2020
 Equipment Needed
 Inking plate (6 in wide x 14 in
long)
 Cardholder
 Printer’s ink (heavy black paste)
 Roller (6 in long & 2 in
diameter)
Other Supplies
 FP Cardstock: 8 x 8 in
05/19/2020
 Procedural Matters
 Rolled impressions – upper 10
prints taken individually
 Rolling of fingers – side-side to
obtain all available ridge detail
 Plain/Fixed impressions – smaller
impressions at bottom of card;
taken simultaneously w/out rolling
 Focal points – clearly printed:
accurate ridge counts & tracings
05/19/2020
 Procedural Matters
 Subject stands in front of & at
forearm's length from inking plate
 Inking of bulb: from tip to below first
joint
 Ink & print each finger separately
 Rolling of thumbs: toward center of
subject’s body (rotated from awkward
to easy position)
 Rolling of fingers: away from center of
subject’s body (rotated from awkward
to easy position)
05/19/2020

 Procedural Matters
 Operator: LEFT of subject when
printing RIGHT HAND; RIGHT of
subject when printing LEFT
HAND

05/19/2020 Next Question

 Q20
Found all over the body but higher
density on friction ridge surfaces
(palms & soles).
a. Eccrine glands
b. Sebaceous glands
c. Apocrine glands

d. Endocrine glands
TOPIC: Latent Prints

05/19/2020
 Types of Prints
 Patent Prints – visible prints; due
to paint, ink, mud, or dust

05/19/2020
 Types of Prints
 Latent Prints – undetectable
until brought out w/ physical or
chemical process designed to
enhance latent print residue.

05/19/2020
 Types of Prints
 Plastic Print – created when
substrate is pliable enough at
time of contact to record 3D
aspects of friction skin. Surfaces:
clay, putty, soft wax, melted
plastic, heavy grease, and tacky
paint

05/19/2020
 Deposition Factors
1. Pre-Transfer Conditions –
affected by age, gender, stimuli,
occupation, disease, & any
substances touched prior to
deposition.
2. Transfer Conditions – also
dictate whether suitable
impression will be left
3. Post-Transfer Conditions – a.k.a.
environmental factors; forces
05/19/2020
 Surface Types
1. Porous Substrate – absorbent
 Paper, cardboard, wood, & other
forms of cellulose
 Fingerprints absorb into substrate
& are durable
 Amino acids: stationary & not
migrate; amino acid based
developing techniques more useful

05/19/2020
 Surface Types
2. Nonporous surfaces – not
absorbent; repel moisture &
appear polished
 Glass, metal, plastics, lacquered or
painted wood, and rubber
 Susceptible to damage; FP residue
on outermost surface
 Best developing techniques:
Cyanoacrylate (CA), dye stains,
powders, & vacuum metal
05/19/2020 deposition
 Surface Types
3. Semiporous surfaces – resist &
absorb FP residue
 Glossy cardboard, glossy magazine
covers, some finished wood, and
some cellophane
 Treatment: processes intended for
both nonporous & porous surfaces

05/19/2020
 Surface Types
4. Textured surfaces – problem of
incomplete contact between
friction ridge skin & surface
being touched.
 Fingerprints being discontinuous &
lacking fine detail when developed
 Ex: pebbled plastic

 Treatment: very fine powder or

flexible lifting media

05/19/2020
 Production of Sweat
1. Eccrine
Sudoriferous Glands
2. Apocrine
3. Sebaceous

05/19/2020 Next Question

 Q21
This technique should be used as a
last process. Development takes
place after exposing the treated
material with strong light such as
ultraviolet light.
TOPIC: Developing Techniques
a. Iodine fuming

b. Ninhydrin

c. Physical developer

d. Silver nitrate
05/19/2020
 Important Preliminaries
 Elimination prints – inked prints
of all members of household,
employees, and any police or
other officials who may have
touched objects on which the
latent impressions were found
 Purpose of Development: to
make it visible so that it may be
preserved and compared
05/19/2020
 Latent Print Powders
 One of oldest & most common
methods of latent print detection
 Don’t Brush/Powder: dust, greasy
prints, bloody prints & wet prints
 Powder used: contrast color of
surface
 Gray: dark-colored surfaces;
mirrors/metal surfaces
 Black: white/light-colored surfaces

05/19/2020
 Latent Print Powders
 Powder used: contrast color of surface
 Aluminum: same as gray
 Gold & red bronze: photograph dark; light
colored-surfaces
 Dragon’s blood: light/dark-colored surface
 Chief faults of beginners: too much powder
& too little brushing
 Prints lifted after photographing
 Prints lifted on rubber tape: reverse position
 Not recommended on paper, cardboard, and
newly finished or unpainted wood

05/19/2020
Chemical Development of
Latent Print Impressions
 Handling specimens:
tweezers/gloves
 Iodine Fuming:
 Slight heat vaporizes iodine crystals
 Violet fumes

 Fumes absorbed by fatty/oily matter

 Yellowish-brown

 Not permanent; fades when fuming

stops
 Photograph prints immediately
05/19/2020
Chemical Development of
Latent Print Impressions
 Ninhydrin:
 reacts with primary & secondary
amines such as amino acids &
proteins
 Dark purple product a.k.a.
Ruhemann’s Purple
 Has developed prints as old as 40
years
 Method: (1) spray, (2) soaking

05/19/2020
Chemical Development of
Latent Print Impressions
 Silver Nitrate
 For porous surfaces
 Reacts with silver chloride

 Reddish-brown against background

 Known to wash off traces of fat &

oil; should be applied last
 Methods: (1) Dip specimen in
solution, (2) blot & dry it, (3) expose
to light, & (4) photograph latent
prints when contrast is good
05/19/2020
Chemical Development of
Latent Print Impressions
 Super glue fuming
 For nonporous surfaces
 A.k.a. cyanoacrylate fuming

 Fumes polymerizes latent prints

forming white deposit
 Method: (1) fuming chamber, (2)
fuming wand (cyanowand), (3)
vacuum chamber

05/19/2020
 Optical Methods
 Alternate Light Sources
 Forensic Light Source (immediate
emission)
 LASER

 Reflected Ultraviolet Imaging

System (RUVIS)

05/19/2020 Next Question

 Q22
If a fingerprint is visible, an effort
should be made to photograph it before
any attempt is made to develop it. In
every case a print developed with
TOPIC:
powder Preservation
should be Techniques
a. Lifted before photographing

b. Photographed before lifting

c. Lifted and placed in backing card

before photograhing
d. Wrapped in plastic before
photographing
05/19/2020
 Preservation Techniques
 Photographing
 Lifting
 Casting

05/19/2020 Next Question

 Q23
A digital imaging system used to
obtain, store and compare fingerprint
data for law enforcement purposes.
a. AFIS

OPIC: Comparing Fingerprints: Biometric

b. Biometrics

c. IBIS

d. Digital comparison

05/19/2020
 Comparing Fingerprints:
Biometrics

05/19/2020
 Biometrics Process &
Components

05/19/2020
 AFIS

05/19/2020 Next Question

 Q24
In fingerprint comparison, the ridge
characteristics of the questioned print
will be compared with ridge
TOPIC: Fingerprint
characteristics Comparison
of the standard print. A
point of similarities must be properly
established to obliterate some doubts.
In the Philippines, the points of identity
is
a. 12

b. 16

c. 17
05/19/2020
 Fingerprint Comparison
Traditional Method: Points
Counting
 Likeness of general types – Q & S of
same fingerprint pattern;
 Quantitative likeness of ridge
characteristics;
 Quantitative likeness of points of
identity; &
 Likeness of location of ridge
characteristics
 Same relative position in both prints;
 Same relative directions from each other;
 Same relative distance apart; &
05/19/2020
 Fingerprint Comparison
ACE-V Methodology

05/19/2020
 Fingerprint Comparison
ACE-V Methodology

ANALYSIS – whether sufficient information exists to

proceed
05/19/2020 to next phase
 Fingerprint Comparison
ACE-V Methodology

1.
COMPARISON
Another
2. Determine
SelectANALYSIS:
key general
– known
focal determine
ridge
exemplar
flowsuitability
&introduced
characteristics shape
(Level(Level
for to 1
2 Detail);
compare
achieving
Detail)
understand
05/19/2020 w/
conclusion
LP;
their: position, direction & relationship;
 Fingerprint Comparison
ACE-V Methodology

Guidelines:
EVALUATION
Formulation (1) agreement
of– a.k.a. of onlybased
conclusion
making 1stconclusion;
levelon
details
A & –Cresult
not sufficient
of
for evaluation of individualization, (2) agreement of 1 -2 or 1st-
st nd
comparison
05/19/2020
3 level details – sufficient for evaluation of individualization
rd
 Fingerprint Comparison
ACE-V Methodology
 Verification – independent
application of ACE process by
subsequent examiner.
 PURPOSE: Support or refute
conclusions of original examiner
 NATURE: Blind verification (no
expectation or knowledge of prior
conclusion)

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 Fingerprint Comparison
Hypothesis &
Conclusions

05/19/2020
 Points of Identification

05/19/2020 Next Question

 Q25
The questioned prints and the standard
TOPIC:
print must Preparation
be enlarged of
(photographed)
in Fingerprint Charts for
a. 8" x 8" Court Testimony

b. 8" x 10"

c. 10" x 10"

d. 12" x 12"

05/19/2020
 Next
Fingerprint Chart Question

Charts
Visually
Numbers
Degree
10
White
Corresponding
Charting
All
Identifications:
Superimposition
diameters
ridge border:
w/
ofaids
Method:
shapes
characteristics
enlargement
on adequate;
1
chart
court
similar
½ridge
ofin
Marking
not
characteristics
left
not
incharacteristics
shapes
5
not
recommended;
for
understanding
to
need
absolutely
important;
characteristics
30
charting
occupy
may
not drawn
suffice
be
purposes
essential
same
in
ridges
charted;
nature
in
ridges
2w/
relative
margin
prints
of
lines
but
LP
12
of–
expert
–helpful
similarly
&
characteristics
positions
distorted
not
readily
numbers;
recommended;
testimony
conveniences
distinguishable
numbered
due
in patterns
numbered
pressure
enough &
ridges
indicated
clockwise
&
for
by
twisting
ID
vary
eye in actual shape or
physical
05/19/2020
position
 Q26
A forensic identification science that is
associated with all of the ridges on the
volar areas and not just on finger tips.
a. Dactylography

b. TOPIC: Related Terminologies

Dactyloscopy
c. Poroscopy

d. Ridgeology

05/19/2020
 Related Terminologies
 Anthropometry – system of
personal identification through
body measurement
 Biometrics – measurement of
physical characteristics, such as
fingerprints, DNA, or retinal
patterns, for use in verifying
identity of individuals
 Chiroscopy – science that deals
w/ study of palm print in relation
05/19/2020
 Related Terminologies
 Dactylography - study of
fingerprints as method of
identification
 Dactyloscopy – comparison of
fingerprints for identification;
identification by comparison of
fingerprints: also: classification
of fingerprints
 Dermatoglyphics – study of
surface markings of skin; friction
05/19/2020
 Related Terminologies
 Edgeoscopy – study of
morphological characteristics of
friction ridges; contour or shape
of edges of friction ridges.
 Orthodontology - study of
irregularities in position of the
teeth, and of malocclusions, and
their treatment.

05/19/2020
 Related Terminologies
 Palmistry - art or practice of
divining or telling fortunes, or of
judging of character, by lines &
marks in palm of hand;
chiromancy
 Podoscopy – term coined by
Wentworth & Wilder as possible
word, if ever needed, referring to
study of soles.
05/19/2020
 Related Terminologies
 Polydactyl – hand or foot having
more than normal number of
fingers or toes; supernumerary
fingers.
 Poroscopy – study of the pores;
established by Dr. Edmond
Locard
 Ridgeology – forensic
identification science that is
associated Next
05/19/2020 w/ Question
all of ridges on
 Q27
When two complementary strands of
DNA are hybridized or bound together a
ladder like structure is formed. Because
of the three dimensional structure of
the chemical components in the
backbone, a spiral
TOPIC: DNAconfiguration
results. This natural state of DNA is
called
a. Double coil

b. Double helix

c. Double spiral
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 Discovery of DNA

05/19/2020
 What is DNA?

05/19/2020
 From Whole to
Microscopic Parts

05/19/2020
 Inside a Cell

05/19/2020
 DNA Helix

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 DNA Helix

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 Biological Evidences
Amenable to DNA
 Analysis
blood and bloodstains
 semen and seminal stains
 hair with follicle/root
 saliva and buccal cells
 tissues and skin cells
 organs
 bone marrow and bones
 teeth

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 Forensic DNA
Applications

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 Forensic Genetic
Markers

05/19/2020
 Forensic DNA Testing
Methods

05/19/2020
 Overview of Forensic
Casework

05/19/2020
 Why Use DNA
to Help Solve Crime?

05/19/2020
 Some Essentials of DNA
 PCR discovered in 1983 by Karry
Mullis, Ph.D.
 1984 – Sir Alec Jeffries discovered
variation w/in DNA sequence of
different individuals & determined
this to be used to identify
individuals; known as genetic/DNA
fingerprinting
 1989 – DNA challenge in U.S. court
in People v. Castro trial – initiated
TWGDAM
05/19/2020
(Technical Working
 Related Terms to DNA
 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA for
short)
 DNA found inside
mitochondria.
 Valuable to researchers: code is
passed virtually intact through
maternal line.
 Each child receives only his or
her mother's mtDNA, as
opposed to mixture of both
05/19/2020
 mtDNA Inheritance

05/19/2020
 Related Terms to DNA
 Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
 Single-stranded molecule in
most of its biological roles &
has much shorter chain of
nucleotides. 
 Complementary base to
adenine is uracil

Test Your Retention

05/19/2020
 Back
Plain Arch
Description
 ridges enter upon
1 side,
 make rise or wave
in center,
 flow/tend to flow
out upon opposite
side.
 No (1) looping
ridge, (2) upthrust
ridge, (3) angle, or
(4) recurve.
 Indicated by: (1)
05/19/2020 Capital “A” in
 Back
Tented Arch

Description
 angle,
 upthrust,
 loop type

(1) “T” in fingers # 2

& 7, &
(2) “t” in fingers
other than 2 & 7.
05/19/2020
 Angular Type
Back
Tented
Arch

Description
 2 ridges meeting
at angle;
 1 continuous
ridge: not angle;
 angle: 90 degrees
or less.

05/19/2020
 Upthrust Back
Type Tented
Arch
Description
 ending ridge:
ridge ending in
space;
 making definite
change of
direction from
basic ridge;
 angle of 45O or
more from base
ridge;
 high & thick as
other ridges; &
05/19/2020
 dots: not
 Back
Loop Type

Description
 looks like loop,
 2 of 3 basic loop
characteristics,
 lacking 3rd.

05/19/2020
 Ridge Counting
 # of ridges intervening between
delta & core.
 Red line of reticule of FP glass:
insure absolute accuracy

Back
05/19/2020
 Short Breaks
 Cause: improper inking,
presence of foreign matter on
ridges, enlarged pores, disease,
or worn ridges
 Determination: judgment of
classifier
 Basis of determination: whole
pattern – (1) common: not
definite ridge ending; (2) not
Back
common: definite
05/19/2020 ridge ending
 Angular Formation
Angles
 never formed by single ridge
 abutting of 1 ridge vs another

Back
05/19/2020
 Sufficient Recurve
 Part of
recurving
ridge between
shoulders of
loop
 Must be
FREE:
appendages
abutting upon
05/19/2020 Back outside of
 Shoulders of Loop

 Points at
which
recurving
ridge
definitely
inward or
curves
05/19/2020 Back
 Example: Primary
Classification
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5

\ W \ W a
#6 #7 #8 #9 #10

/ W / / a
EveNumerator = (#6) 0 + (#2) 16 + (#8) 0 + (#4) 8 + (#10) 0 =24 + =25
1
OdDenominator =(#1) 0 + (#7) 2 + (#3) 0 + (#9) 0 + (#5) 0 =2 + = 3
1
25

05/19/2020
3 Back
 Example: Secondary
Classification (Capital
Letter)
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5

\ W \ W a
#6 #7 #8 #9 #10

/ W / / a
Right Index =
(#2) W
Left Index =
05/19/2020
(#7) Back W
 Example: Secondary
Classification (Small
Letter)
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5

\ W \ W a
#6 #7 #8 #9 #10

/ W / / a
Right = W--a
Hand
Left = W--a
05/19/2020
Hand Back
 Whorl Treated as Ulnar
Loop (Right Hand)

back

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 Whorl Treated as Ulnar
Loop (Left Hand)

back

05/19/2020
 Whorl Treated as Ulnar
Loop (Accidental: Right
Hand)

back

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 Whorl Treated as Ulnar
Loop (Accidental: Left
Hand)

back

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 Whorl Treated as Ulnar
Loop (Double Loop:
Right Hand)

back

05/19/2020
 Whorl Treated as Ulnar
Loop (Double Loop:
Horizontal Loops)

Right Left
Hand Hand

back

05/19/2020
 Final Classification

Final = 17
05/19/2020 Back
 NCIC Classification

24633121171866131820

05/19/2020 Back
 J.C.A.
Johann Christoph Andreas

05/19/2020 Back
 CORREC
T!
05/19/2020
NEXT QUESTION? or NEXT TOPIC?
 WRONG?
?
05/19/2020
Back
 CORREC
T!
05/19/2020
NEXT QUESTION? or NEXT TOPIC?
 WRONG?
?
05/19/2020
Back
 CORREC
T!
05/19/2020
NEXT QUESTION? or NEXT TOPIC?
 WRONG?
?
05/19/2020
Back
 CORREC
T!
05/19/2020
NEXT QUESTION? or NEXT TOPIC?
 WRONG?
?
05/19/2020
Back
 CORREC
T!
05/19/2020
NEXT QUESTION? or NEXT TOPIC?
 WRONG?
?
05/19/2020
Back
 CORREC
T!
05/19/2020
NEXT QUESTION? or NEXT TOPIC?
 WRONG?
?
05/19/2020
Back
 CORREC
T!
05/19/2020
NEXT QUESTION? or NEXT TOPIC?
 WRONG?
?
05/19/2020
Back
 CORREC
T!
05/19/2020
NEXT QUESTION? or NEXT TOPIC?
 WRONG?
?
05/19/2020
Back
 CORREC
T!
05/19/2020
NEXT TOPIC?
 WRONG?
?
05/19/2020
Back
 Pre-Transfer Conditions
Condition or health of donor’s
friction skin & amount & type of
residue on skin.

Back
05/19/2020
 Transfer Conditions
1. Conditions of surface
(substrate) being touched,
including texture, surface area,
surface curvature or shape,
surface temperature,
condensation, contaminants, &
surface residues.
2. Pressure applied during contact
(deposition pressure), including
lateral force, Back
05/19/2020
also contributes to
 Post-Transfer Conditions
Examples of these factors are
physical contact from another
surface, water, humidity, and
temperature.

Back
05/19/2020
 Eccrine Glands
- Distributed throughout body
- Most common: palms of hands & soles
of feet
- Least numerous on neck & back
- Secretes
- Water

- Amino acids

- Proteins

- Lipids

Back
05/19/2020
 Apocrine Glands
- From coarse hair of armpits &
pubic area
- Description of fluid:
- Milky in appearance
- Dried in plastic-like solid
- Fluoresced
- Had an odor
- Includes: proteins,
carbohydrates, cholesterol, iron
Back
05/19/2020
 Sebaceous Glands
- relatively small saclike organs
- found in the dermis layer of skin
- found throughout body &
associated w/ body hair
- Abundant: scalp, face, anus, nose,
mouth, and external portions of the
ear
- Not found on palms & soles
- Prevent sweat evaporation &
lubricate hair &Back
surrounding skin
05/19/2020
 Latent Print Powder

B
ac
k

05/19/2020
 Iodine Fuming

Back
05/19/2020
 Ninhydrin

Back
05/19/2020
 Photographing
 Film Photography
 Camera format: 35-mm SLR
 Lens accessories

 Macro lens: flat field lens

(desirable)
 Standard lens: curved field
lens
 Close-up lens, reverse ring
adopters, bellow units
05/19/2020
 Photographing
 Film Photography
 Light
 Short & long wave UV lights, Visible
light
 Techniques: direct, direct reflection,
front directional, transmitted, oblique,
bounced
 Filters
 In B/W, color filters for contrast
 Barrier filters for luminescent
photography (orange, yellow, & red)
05/19/2020
 Photographing
 Digital Photography
 Camera & Flatbed Scanner
 Resolution: min. of 1000 pixels per inch
(PPI)
 Saving formats
 Compressed: Joint Photographic Experts Group
(JPEG)
 Uncompressed: Tagged Information File Format
(TIFF), (RAW)
 Storage media:
 Write-once compact disk-recordable (CD-R)
 Digital versatile disk-recordable (DVD-R)
Back
05/19/2020
 Level 1 Detail (Ridge
Flow)
 Friction ridge flow
 Pattern type
 General morphological
information

Back
05/19/2020
 Level 2 Detail (Ridge
Events)

Back
05/19/2020
 Level 3 Detail (Ridge
Dimensions)

Back
05/19/2020