A PROJECT ON

THEORITICAL STUDY OF LIGHT

EMITTING DIODE
PRESENTED BY
NAME
ROLL
CLASS-
RADIANT COLLAGE DERGAON
 Acknowledgement
• I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher
(Name of the teacher) as well as our principal (Name of the
principal)who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic (Write the topic name), which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things I
am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
 Certificate
• THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT DEVIKA OF CLASS XII HAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED HER COMPUTER PROJECT ON THE
TOPIC "BIOMETRICS AND FINGERPRINTS" AS PRESCRIBED BY
Mr./Mrs. (TEACHERS NAME) Sir/Ma'am, DURING THE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019 AS PER THE GUIDELINES ISSUES
BY CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION – CBSE

• (teachers name)                                                 EXTERNAL

EXAMINER
• PGT COMPUTER
Content
 Introduction
LEDs are p-n junction devices constructed of gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium
arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), or gallium phosphide (GaP). Silicon and
germanium are not suitable because those junctions produce heat and no
appreciable IR or visible light. The junction in a LED is forward biased and
when electrons cross the junction from the n- to the p-type material, the
electron-hole recombination process produces some photons in the IR or
visible in a process called electroluminescence. An exposed semiconductor
surface can then emit light.
 Defination and types
• Definition -A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible
light when an electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright,
but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength. The output
from an LED can range from red (at a wavelength of approximately 700
nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400 nanometers).
 TYPES
Depending upon ranges of colours they are emitting the types of led's
are-
• Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) – infra-red
• Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (GaAsP) – red to infra-red, orange
• Aluminum Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (AlGaAsP) – high-brightness red,
orange-red, orange, and yellow
• Gallium Phosphide (GaP) – red, yellow and green
• Aluminium Gallium Phosphide (AlGaP) – green
• Gallium Nitride (GaN) – green, emerald green
• Gallium Indium Nitride (GaInN) – near ultraviolet, bluish-green and blue
• Silicon Carbide (SiC) – blue as a substrate
• Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) – blue
• Aluminium Gallium Nitride (AlGaN) – ultraviolet
Symbol
 WORKING THEORY
• One way to constuct an LED is to deposit three semiconductor layers on a
substrate. Between p-type and n-type semiconductor layers, an active region emits
light when an electron and hole recombine. Considering the p-n combination to be
a diode,then when the diode is forward biased, holes from the p-type material and
electrons from the n-type material are both driven into the active region. The light
is produced by a solid state process called electroluminescence.
The layers of the LED emit light all the way around the layered structure, and the
LED structure is placed in a tiny reflective cup so that the light from the active
layer will be reflected toward the desired exit direction.
When the applied forward voltage on the diode of the LED
 drives the electrons and holes into the active region
between the n-type and p-type material, the energy can be
converted into infrared or visible photons. This implies that
the electron-hole pair drops into a more stable bound state,
releasing energy on the order of electron volts
by emission of a photon.
 Light Emitting Diodes I-V Characteristics.

Before a light emitting diode can “emit” any form of light it needs a current to flow
through it, as it is a current dependant device with their light output intensity being
directly proportional to the forward current flowing through the LED
Light Emitting Diodes Characteristics Graph
 Conclusion from the graph
• When an LED is forward biased to the threshold of
conduction, its current increases rapidly and must be
controlled to prevent destruction of the device. The
light output is quite linearly proportional to the
current within its active region, so the light output
can be precisely modulated to send an undistorted
signal through a fiber optic cable.
• Hence we conclude that the light intensity must be
linearly proportional with the forward bias current .
 LED Radiation Patterns
• An LED is a directional light source, with the maximum emitted power in the
direction perpendicular to the emitting surface. The typical radiation pattern
shows that most of the energy is emitted within 20° of the direction of maximum
light. Some packages for LEDs include plastic lenses to spread the light for a greater
angle of visibility.
 Multi-coloured Light Emitting Diode

• The LEDs which emit one colour of light when

forward biased and another when reverse
biased, are called multicolour led.
 Working of Multicolored LED
• Multicolour led actually contain two PN junction that are connected in reverse-
parallel that is they are in parallel, with the anode of one being connected to the
cathode of the other .Multi color LEDs are typically red when biased in one
direction and green when biased in the other direction. Incidently if a multicolour
led is switched fast,the LED will produce a third colour.
 Applications of Light Emitting Diodes

• LED is used as a bulb in the homes and

industries
• The light emitting diodes are used in the
motorcycles and cars
• These are used in the mobile phones to
display the message
• At the traffic light signals led’s are used
 conclusion
• Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted
low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such
as those used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light
LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across
the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with high light output.
• Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent
bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Recent developments have produced high-
output white light LEDs suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs have led
to new displays and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in
advanced communications technology.
• LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower
energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size,
and faster switching. LEDs are used in applications as diverse as aviation
lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals,
camera flashes, lighted wallpaper, plant growing light, and medical devices
 References
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/
Wikipedia
Youtube
Book-Applied electronics by R.S Sedha