Lecture 1

Data
Data Communication
Communication and
and Media
Media
•• Concept
Concept and
and Model
Model of
of Communications
Communications
•• Analogy
Analogy Signal
Signal and
and Digital
Digital Signal
Signal
•• Signal
Signal Frequency,
Frequency, Spectrum
Spectrum andand Bandwidth
Bandwidth
•• System
System Frequency
Frequency Response
Response andand Bandwidth
Bandwidth
•• Transmission
Transmission Media
Media and
and Types
Types
•• Transmission
Transmission Modes
Modes
-- Parallel
Parallel && Serial
Serial Transmission
Transmission
-- Asynchronous
Asynchronous && Synchronous
Synchronous Transmissions
Transmissions
-- Simplex
Simplex && Duplex
Duplex Transmission
Transmission
•• Communication
Communication Standards:
Standards: RS/EIA-232
RS/EIA-232 && Others
Others
 Lecture 1

Concept
Concept and
and Model
Model of
of Communications
Communications
General Communications: face-to-face conversation, write a letter, etc.
Electronic Communications: telephone, wireless phone, TV, radar, etc.

Our Focus  Computer Communication

General Communication Model

S(t) T(t) Transmission Tr(t) Sd(t)
Source Transmitter Receiver Destination
System

Microphone Transformer Line/Cable Transformer Speaker

Telephone Encoder Fiber/Air Decoder Earphone
Computer Compress Satellite Uncompress Computer
Scanner Modulator Network Demodulator Printer

Basic Communication Criteria: Performance, Reliability, Security

 Lecture 1
Analogy
Analogy Signal
Signal and
and Digital
Digital Signal
Signal
Information must be converted into
electrical energy, called signal, before transmission.
s(t) voltage
Text, voice
Video, etc
t
Digital Converter Digital Signal
Text, voice Encoder s(t) voltage
Video, etc
Analog t
Analogy Signal

Input Signal s(t) General Output Signal o(t) =H[s(t)]

Communication
Component – H()
2
Signal Power: s (t) Digital-to-Digital
Signal Energy: Analogy-to-Digital
ʃs 2(t)dt Digital-to-Analogy
Analogy-to-Analogy
 Lecture 1
Signal
Signal Frequency,
Frequency, Spectrum
Spectrum and
and Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Signal in frequency domain
Signal in time domain Transformation Spectrum
s(t) Periodic
cos2πf1t S(f)
T=1/f1
t f
f: frequency
T f1
S(f)
period
A B
s(t)=Acos2πf1t + Bcos2πf2t T=LCM(1/f1, 1/f2) f
f1 f2
s(t) S(f)
Aperiodic

t Fourier Transform
Analogy Signal Bandwidth
f
S(f)
S(f)=ʃs(t)e
s(t) -j2πf
df

t f
Digital Signal Bandwidth
 Lecture 1
Time-Frequency
Time-Frequency Relation
Relation and
and Signal
Signal Bandwidth
Bandwidth
General Relations:
Time Domain Frequency Domain Signal Bandwidth
Change Slow Low Frequency small
Change Fast High Frequency large

Frequency Unit: Hertz (Hz), Kilohertz (KHz), Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz), Terahertz (THz)

• Earthquake wave: 0.01 ~ 10 Hz

• Nuclear explosion signal: 0.01 ~ 10 Hz
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): 0 ~ 100 Hz
• Wind noise: 100 ~ 1000 Hz
• Speech: 100 ~ 4000 Hz (4 KHz)
• Audio: 20 ~ 20000 Hz (20 KHz)
• NTSC TV: 6 MHz
• HDTV: > 10 MHz
 Lecture 1

System
System Frequency
Frequency Response
Response &
& Bandwidth
Bandwidth

Input Signal x(t) Output Signal y(t) =H[x(t)]

System: H()
Input Spectrum: Output Spectrum: Y(f)
X(f)

System Frequency Response: H(f) = Y(f)/X(f)

H(f)

System Bandwidth

f
Signal can pass
Signal can’t pass
 Lecture 1

Transmission
Transmission Media
Media

A transmission medium: - a connection between a sender and a receiver

- a signal can pass but with attenuation/distortion
- a special system with a transmission bandwidth

Guided (Wired) Media Unguided (Wireless) Media

(lines)
- Twisted pair (0~10MHz)
- Coaxial cable (100K~500MHz)
- Optical fiber (180~370THz)
(air, vacuum, water, etc.)
- LF (30~300KHz, Navigation)
- MF/HF (300~3000KHz, AM/SW radio)
- VHF (30~300MHz, TV & FM radio)
- UHF (0.3~3GHz, TV, mobile phone)
- SHF (3~30GHz, satellite, microwave)
- EHF (30~300GHz, experimental com.
- Infrared (no frequency allocation)
 Lecture 1

Frequency
Frequency and
and Spectrum
Spectrum
ISM band
902 – 928 Mhz

io
o

di
2.4 – 2.4835 Ghz

d
di

ra

ra

r
ra

la
W

FM

llu
AM

TV
5.725 – 5.785 Ghz

TV
S/

ce
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

30kHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz

10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 100mm 

X rays
Gamma rays
infrared visible UV

1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz

Propagation characteristics are different in each frequency band

 Lecture 1
Parallel
Parallel Transmission
Transmission and
and Serial
Serial Transmission
Transmission
…011000110111010111…
Segment the 0/1 ?
stream into Sender Receiver
N bits groups
N N N N
… 01…00 01…10 11…10 10…11 …

Parallel Transmission Serial Transmission

0 0 0
1 1 1
1 1 0110001 1
0 Sender 0 0 Receiver
Sender Receiver
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1 1
P/S converter S/P converter
7 (N) bits are sent together 7 (N) bits are sent one after another
7 (N) lines are needed Only 1 line is needed
 Lecture 1
Asynchronous
Asynchronous and
and Synchronous
Synchronous Transmission
Transmission
Timing or synchronization between a sender and a receiver is very important for data transmission

Asynchronous transmission:
1) A bit stream is segmented into small groups  characters (5~8 bits)
2) Add a start bit (0) and a stop bit (1) at the beginning and end of each character
3) Frame= start_bit+character+stop_bit (7~10 bits), but 2/9~2/10 no real data
4) Arbitrary long gap between two characters or frames

1 0110001 0 1 1001100 0 1 0011101 0 1 1011100 0

Sender Receiver
independent
Stopwtch.ani Stopwtch.ani

Synchronous transmission:
1) A bit stream is segmented into relative large groups/blocks many characters or bytes
2) Add control bits at the beginning and end of each block
3) Frame=H_control_bits+character+T_control_bits
4) No gap between two characters in a data block

Con_bits 0110001
... 0110001 1001100 0011101 1011100 Con_bits
Sender Receiver
synchronized
Stopwtch.ani
 Lecture 1

Simplex
Simplex Transmission
Transmission and
and Duplex
Duplex Transmission
Transmission

Direction of data
Simplex Device A Device B
Transmission
One can send and the other can receive

Direction of data at time 1

Half Duplex Device A Device B
Transmission
Direction of data at time 2
Both can send and receive but in different time

Direction of data all the time

Full Duplex Device A Device B
Transmission
Both can send and receive simultaneously
 Lecture 1

Communication
Communication Standards
Standards and
and Related
Related Organizations
Organizations

Communications need standards for inter-operations of different devices

Standard Organizations:
- ISO (International Standards Organization): ISO number
- ITU (International Telecommunication Union): V.num & X.num
- EIA (Electronic Industries Association): EIA-num
- IEEE (Institute of Electronics Engineers): IEEE.num
- ANSI (American National Standards Institute): ASCII, etc.
- ATM Forum and ATM Consortium
- IETF (Internet Society and Internet Engineering Task Force): RFC num
- W3C (World Wide Web Consortium): HTTP, HTML, XML, …
- WAP Forum (Wireless Application Protocol): WAP-num
 Lecture 1

Serial
Serial &
& Asynchronous
Asynchronous Transmission
Transmission Standards
Standards

Standards of transmission in short distance:

- EIA-232 or RS-232
- V.24
- ISO 2110
- EIA-449/RS-422/RS-423
- EIA-530
- X.21

Their common features

- Serial & asynchronous transmission
- Transmissions of ASCII code, byte, char
- Use twisted copper lines
- Low speed: several Kbits ~ Mbits per second
- Short distance: < several tens of meters
 Lecture 1

EIA/RS-232
EIA/RS-232 Standard
Standard
Waveform of ‘+’, 2B or 0101101

Device A Device B

• Transmit characters (7 or 8 bits)

• 0  +15v and 1  -15v in a sender
• 0  (+3v, +15v) and 1  (-3v, -15v), otherwise error
• Start bit (0) and stop bit (1) for every character  9/10 bits in total
• A sender never leaves wire at 0v; when idle, puts –15v, i.e., 1
 Lecture 1

EIA/RS-232
EIA/RS-232 Standard
Standard (cont.)
(cont.)

• Agreement of transmission timing or rate (bps  bits per second)

- 300bps, 2.4Kbps, 4.8Kbps, …, 19.2Kbps, 33.6Kbps, 56Kbps
• Setting bit rates of devices/hardware
- switch (manually), software, auto-detection
• Either simplex or duplex

T: Transmitter R: Receiver G: Ground

 Lecture 1

EIA/RS-232
EIA/RS-232 and
and Other
Other Standards
Standards

• EIA-232: rate<64Kbps; connection length< 15 meters; 25 pin connector

- pin 2: receive (RxD); pin 3: transmit (TxD); pin 7: groud
- other pins for transmission control
• EIA-449: rate<10Mbps; connection length< 12 meters; 37/9 pin connector
• EIA-530: same as the above; 25 pin connector
• X.21: 64/192 Kbps (N-ISDN rate); 15/8 pin connector
 Exercise
Exercise 11
1. Two signals are given in the following figures. Whose bandwidth is large? Why?

s(t) s(t)

t t
(a) (b)

. Draw the RS-232 waveform diagrams of ASCII letters of R (1010010) and S (1110011).

. Give at least one example for each of the following transmission/communication modes:
parallel transmission, serial transmission, simplex transmission and duplex transmission.

. Suppose one sent 10000 7bit characters across an EIA-232 or RS-232 connection that
operated at 9600 bps. How long will the minimum transmission time be required?
(Hint: remember to add a start bit and a stop bit on each character.)