Reading models

Prepared by: Jefferson Basco

 What is reading model?

reading model is a graphic

attempt “to depict how an
individual perceives a
word, processes a clause,
and comprehends a text
Kinds of reading models
•Bottom-up
•Top-down
•Interactive
 Bottom-up Reading model
• It emphasizes the ability to decode or put into
sound what seen in the text

• It is a reading model that emphasizes the

written or printed text. Says reading in
meaning( or in other words, reading is driven
by the text). And proceeds from part to whole

• It stipulates that the meaning of any text must

be “decoded” by the reader and that students
are “reading” when they can “sound out”
words on a page.
 Bottom-up Reading model
• It emphasizes the ability to “decode” or put into “sound
out” that are seen on the text

• It is based on “phoneme” or smallest meaningful unit of

sound. Readers derive meaning in a linear manner, first
decoding letters, then words, phrases, and sentences to
make sense print.

• Rapid word recognition is important to this approach, which

emphasizes sight reading of words in isolation. Then word
recognition becomes automatic, the reader is not conscious
of the process
Example: phoneme to syllables to word sentence
 Top down Reading model
• Emphasizes what the reader brings to the text, such as
prior knowledge and experiences

• Says comprehension begins in the mind of the reader, who

already has some ideas about the meaning of the text

• It suggest that processing of the text begins in the mind of

the readers with meaning driven process, or an assumption
about the meaning of a text

• The “top down” approach emphasizes readers bringing

meaning to text based on their experiential background
and interpreting text based on their prior knowledge or
scheme
 Top down Reading model
• A model in which TOP is the higher order mental concepts
such as the knowledge and expectations of the reader and
BOTTOM as the physical text on the page

• It is where meaning takes precedence over structure.

Although readers make us of sound letter correspondence
and syntactic knowledge, they draw on their experiential
background knowledge (schema) to predict the meaning of
the text and then read to confirm or correct their
predictions.

• Proceed for the whole part.

Example: Reader prior knowledge to semantic cues to

syntactic cues to other more specific information.
 Interactive Reading model
• It is a reading model that recognize the interaction of
Bottom-up and Top-down processes simultaneously
throughout the reading process

• In this model, good readers are both good decoders and

good interpreters of the text, their decoding skills are
becoming more automatic but no less important as their
reading skill developed

• An interactive model is one which uses print as input and has

meaning as output

• The reader and text interact as the reader uses prior

background knowledge and knowledge from the text to
derive meaning.
EMERGING
READING
MODELS
 RUMELHART MODEL (1977)
States that successful reading Is both a
perceptual and a cognitive process.

- Orthographic knowledge
- Lexical, syntactic and semantic
knowledge
STANOVICH MODEL (1980)

• Interactive-compensatory reading

• Readers who rely on both bottom-up and

top-down process are depending on

- Reading purpose
- Motivation
- Schema
- Knowledge of the Subject
ANDERSON AND PERSON SCHEMA THEORETIC
VIEW
• It focuses on the role of schemata ( knowledge
stored on the memory) In text comprehension.

• Schema theory

A. Relationships among concepts

B. Role inference

C. Reliance to knowledge of the content

PERSON AND TIERNEY
R/W MODEL

• Consider pragmatic theories which state

that “utterance is an action”

• Context is important.

- Planner
- Composer
- Editor
- MONITOR
MATHEWSON’S
MODEL OF ATITUDE INFLUENCE

• Attitude toward reading maybe modified on readers goals

• Attitude has three componential construct.

- Cognitive components
- Affective components
- Conative components
• Maintains that feedback my affect attitude and
motivation during the reading process
1.Satisfaction with the affect develop to reading.

2.Satisfaction with the ideas develop through

reading.

3.Feeling generated during the reading process.

4.Ideas constructed from the information read

5.How the reading affects the values, goals and

concepts.