Contents

• Thermodynamic
• Thermodynamic System
•Thermodynamic Variables
Thermodynamic Quantities
Thermodynamic Functions
Thermodynamic Processes
Thermodynamic Properties
 Thermodynamics
 “The branch of physical science that deals with the relations
between heat and other forms of energy such as mechanical
,electrical or chemical energy and by extension of the
relationship between all forms of energy”.

System
 “A part of universe which is under observation.”

OR
 The term system is used for anything under test in the
laboratory or under purpose of argument in class-room and
remaining part is called Surrounding.

 The real or imaginary surface separating the system from

surrounding is called Boundary.

Fig: 01
 Thermodynamic System

 On the basis of boundary system is divided

into three cetagories.

Thermodynamic System
Open System ← ↓ → Close System
Isolated System
1- Open System :
 In an open system both mass and heat are not constant. Their
values can be change.

 An open system allows energy and matter exchange for

example (adding a species in the sauce pan)and for the
transfer of energy (for example heating the sauce pan and
allowing steam to leave the sauce pan).

Fig: 02
 2-Closed System:
 Closed system is that exchange only energy with its
surrounding not matter .For example, by putting a lid on
sauce pan matter can no longer transfer because the lid
prevents the matter from entering the sauce pen and leaving
the sauce pan .
 Still the sauce pan allows energy transfer .
Imagine the sauce pan is putting on a stove and heating
it.The sauce pen allows energy as the sauce pen heats up and
heats the contents inside it.

Fig: 03
3-Isolated System:
 An isolated system does not allow the exchange of energy and
matter with its surroundings . For example a thermos is used
to keep things either hot or cold . Thus a thermos does not
allow for energy transfer and also it does not matter transfer
because it has a lid that does not allows anything to enter or
leave the container.

Fig:04
 Thermodynamic Variables
 In thermodynamic the internal energy of a system is expressed in
terms of pair of conjugate variables such as temperature and or
pressure and volume.
 (T,V,P) They describe the state of a system.
1 2 3

P= 1atm P = 1atm P = 1atm

V =10 ml V = 10 L V = 10 ml
T = 25c˚ T = 150c˚ T = -5c˚ Liquid
Steam Ice
Thermodynamic Quantities
 Those quantities that depends upon the thermodynamic
variables.
 For Example :
• Internal energy (U)
• Enthalpy (H)
• Entropy (S)
• Gibb’s free energy (G)
 Thermodynamic Functions
Change in thermodynamic quantities called thermodynamic function.
Types Of Thermodynamic Function :
 State Function:
A quantity in thermodynamics such as entropy or enthalpy ,
that has unique value for each given state of the system .
For example: G,H,E,S
∆ is shown with state function.
 Path Function:
Path functions are properties or quantities whose values depends
on the transition of a system from initial state to final state. Most
common path functions are For example: work(w) and heat(q)
₫ and δ is shown with path function.
 Thermodynamic Process
1-Isothermal process:
An isothermal process is a change of a system in which the temperature
remains constant ∆T=0 . Evaporation and condensation are the examples of
isothermal process . All the reactions going on in the refrigerator are
isothermal as a constant temperature is maintained in it.
2-Isochoric process:
Isochoric process is a change of a system in which volume remains constant ∆V
=0
For example a gas is heated in a rigid container the pressure and temperature
of the will increase but the volume will remains the same for example
pressure cooker.

Fig:o5
3-Isobaric Process:
 It is a thermodynamic process in which the pressure remains
constant ∆p=0.
 For example natural melting of ice ,it is always under
atmospheric process which is constant pressure process.
4-Adiabatic Process:
 In thermodynamics , an adiabatic process is one that occurs
without transfer of heat or matter between a
thermodynamic system and its surrounding.
 q=constant
 ∆s=0 (hence entropy becomes constant at constant heat)
 ∆q=0 for example a thermos is acting as a adiabatic process.
Thermodynamic Properties
There are two types of thermodynamic properties.
 1-Extensive properties
 2-Intensive properties.

1-Extensive properties:
 Those properties that depend upon mass for example
temperature (T), volume(V), entropy(S), enthalpy(H) ,Gibb’s
free energy (G).

2-Intensive Properties:
 Those properties that does not depends upon mass for example
boiling point(Bp) , freezing point(Fp) and density (D).
 Density of a gas at constant pressure is an intensive property.
 Hence PV= nRT
n=m/M
PV=m/MRT
P=m/v * 1/M RT Hence m/v =D
P=D 1/M RT
PM/RT=D
Density of a gas at constant volume is an extensive property at
constant volume .if we add more molecules of a gas in the
container so the density of the gas increase and depends upon mass
because mass is also increased.