13 April 2017

AC armature winding

Dr. Irfan Ullah

Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Management and technology

Electrical Machine Design EE424

Contents

1. Conductor
2. Armature winding
3. Turns per phase
4. Stator conductors
5. Shape of stator slots
6. Number of stator slots
7. Area of stator slots
8. Salient and non-salient pole
Conductor

Conductor
The active length of wire or strip in the slot
Turn
A turn consists of two conductors separated from each
other by a pole pitch, and connected in series.
Coil
A coil may consist of a single turn or may consist of
many turns, placed in almost similar magnetic position,
connected in series.
Coil side Single turn and multi turn coils

A coil consists of two coil sides which are placed in two

different slots which are almost a pole pitch apart
Single layer and two layer windings

Single layer winding

Advantages
1) Semi-enclosed and closed type slots
2) Coils performed at one end can be used
Double layer winding
Two layer windings have identical coils with one coil
side of each coil lying in top half of the slot and the
other coil side in bottom half of another slot
approximate one pole pitch away.
Advantages Single and double layer windings
3) Neat arrangement with all coils being identical
4) Greater flexibility in design
Closed winding and open winding

Closed winding
In this winding there is a closed path around the armature.
Thus, if starting at any point, the winding is followed
through all its turns, the starting point is reached again.
Application: DC machines
Open winding
It is not necessary to use a closed winding. The armature Closed winding
may be left open at one or more points.
Application: AC machines

Open winding
Pole pitch
Pole Pitch: angular distance between two adjacent poles on a machine.
o
P 360
 (in mechanical degree)
P 
2
• Regardless of the numberP of poles on the machine, a pole pitch is always 180o or
π in electrical degrees.
• The pole pitch is also defined as the arc length between two adjacent poles on
stator inner circle (with diameter D) :
P 
D (in meter or inch)
P
Coil span

•   span is defined as peripheral distance between two sides of

Coil
a coil.
or
The number of teeth embraced by the two coil sides of a coil.
Full pitched coil
If the coil span is equal to the pole pitch
Coil span

Span = Number of Slots per Pole

Phases and phase spread

A  
• group of coils of a phase under one pole is called a pole phase group.
Consider an AC winding with ‘m’ phases
Phasor diagram
• emfs of equal magnitude in all phases
• Identical waveforms and equal frequency
• Each phase has four consecutive slots
• Displacement in time is   π 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
2
3

Phases displaced from each other

12 slot armature emfs of 3 phase winding

2 poles per phase 30o phase spread
Phases and phase spread cont’d…

•  
Phases displaced from each other

emfs of 3 phase winding

60o phase spread
Coil pitch

• The distance between the two sides of an

individual coil of an AC armature winding is
termed the coil pitch.
• When the angular distance between the sides of
a coil is exactly equal to the angular distance
between the centers of adjacent field poles, the
coil is termed to be a full pitch coil.
• An armature winding made up of full pitch coils
is termed a Full Pitch winding.

Coil pitch
Concentric winding

Single layer winding which use concentric type of coils

1) Hemitropic, half coil winding, or Unbifurcated winding
The individual coils may have a span greater or less than a
pole pitch but the average coil-span equals one pole-pitch.
2) Whole coil windings or Bifurcated winding Concentric
Each coil group is split into two sets of concentric coils and
the return coil-sides are shared with those of another group

Concentric winding
Unbifurcated winding Bifurcated winding
Hemitropic or unbifurcated winding

2 slots per pole phase

Coil span = 7 slots and 5 slots
Average coil span = 5 slots
Full pitch winding

Winding Hemitropic winding

Hemitropic or unbifurcated winding

3 slots per pole phase

Coil span = 7, 9, and 11 slots
Average coil span = 9 slots
Slots per pole = average coil span
Full pitch winding

Hemitropic winding
Whole coil or bifurcated winding

4 slots per pole per phase

Coil span = 7, 9, and 11 slots
Average coil span = 9 slots
Slots per pole = average coil span
Full pitch winding

Bifurcated winding
 Shape of stator slots

Open slots
• Winding coils are formed outside
and insulated properly
• Accessible when replaced or
serviced

Semi-enclosed slots
• For induction motors to reduce air-
gap

Semi-enclosed and open slots

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBme1llBnaY
Number of stator slots

Tooth pulsation loss

• Minimum variations in air gap reluctance
• Minimized using large number of narrow slots
Radial ventilating ducts
Leakage reactance
• If there are large number of slots, there are large number of slots to insulate. Flux
leakage and leakage reactance are reduced.
• With large number of slots, machine has a higher overload capacity
Ventilation
• For large number of slots, radial ventilating ducts
Magnetizing current and iron loss
• For large number of slots, each tooth has high flux density
• Large number of coils to wind, insulate, and install
Discussion

Thanks
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