Of Protection Relays: Siemens AG 2006

Overview
of
Protection
Relays
©
Siemens AG 2006
Overview of Protection Relays
Trainer: Claus Wagner

PTD EA15
Tel. 0911-433-8193
Fax 0911-433-8592
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 Mar 08 TLQ08 Overview of protection relays Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Scope
• System Disturbances - Types and Causes

• Basic Protection Requirements / Redundancy Concepts
• Protection Criterias
• Advantages of numerical protection
©
Siemens AG 2006
The Purpose of Protection
The protection can not prevent system faults,

but it can:
Limit the damage caused by short
circuits
while:
 Protecting people and plant from
damage
 selectively clearing faults in

milliseconds
 protecting plant from over-load

conditions
©
Siemens AG 2006
System Disturbances
Short Circuits in earthed systems

Symmetrical (3 phase)
Phase to Phase (and Earth)
Phase to Earth
Earth Faults in non effectively earthed

systems
Overload Conditions
Underfrequency / Undervoltage
Overvoltage
©
Siemens AG 2006
Earth faults: Star-point configuration
R L
earthed system Peterson Coil isolated neutral

• Earth fault = short circuit • Earth faults = no short circuit
is recognised by normal • Supply is not disrupted
over-current protection. • Earth fault must be alarmed and removed
• With low impedance earthing as fast as possible
the residual current detection • Earth fault location is achieved with
must be more sensitive. wattmetric earth fault detection
©
Siemens AG 2006
Causes and Probability of System Disturbances
Causes
• Operator Mistakes
• Pollution / Condensation
• Equipment failures, e.g. Power Transformers, Isolators
• Transient Overvoltages
Probability
• System faults (220/400 kV): 3 p.a. and 100 km
• 10-20 kV metal clad switchgear: 10-3 p.a. and feeder
• GIS switchgear: 5-10-2 p.a. and bus
• outdoor switchgear: 110/132 kV 7*10-2 p.a. and bus
220/275 kV 10-1 p.a. and bus
400 kV 2*10-1 p.a. and bus
©
Siemens AG 2006
Basic Protection Requirements
Reliability
Dependability (availability)
High dependability = Low risk of failure to trip (underfunction)
Security
High security = Low risk of over-trip
Speed
High speed minimizes damage
High speed reduces stability problems
Selectivity
Trip the minimum number of circuit breakers
©
Siemens AG 2006
Typical protected objects
 Generators G < 1MVA up to 1500 MVA
 Transformers 0,1 MVA up to 1000 MVA
 Busbars from 66 kV up (also MV)
 Lines from 1kV upto 750 kV
 Motors
M approx. 100 kVA upto 20 MVA
©
Siemens AG 2006
Redundancy Concepts
Line Protection Busbar Protection
LP1 1 out of 2 principle 2 out of 2 principle

Section
1 trip line 1 trip section 1
&
LP2
Check
Transformer Protection Zone
Relay 1 out of n principle

Section & trip section 2
1 2
.
. 1 trip transformer
.
Relay
n
©
Siemens AG 2006
Stability Limits in Transmission System
70
60
Protection stability limit
50
Fault
Clearing 40
Time
ms 30
20
10
0
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 Line
Load
MW
©
Siemens AG 2006
Protection Concept
Circuit Breaker
CT / VT
Cabelling
DISTANCE RELAY
Protection Battery
The system is only as strong as the weakest link!
©
Siemens AG 2006
Protection - One out of Two Principle
Trip Trip
System Coil Coil System
1 1 2 2
Battery 1 Battery 2
©
Siemens AG 2006
Redundancy Concept of DC Circuits
Battery 1
Battery 2
Main Protection Back-up Protection Busbar Protection
87T 50/51 87BB BF
TR TR TR
TC 1 TC 2
Trip remote infeed
L- L-
©
Siemens AG 2006
Factors that influence fault current magnitude
Infeed Line Consumer
• Short circuit power of the infeed

• Voltage level
• Line impedance
• Fault resistance (arc)
• Treatment of star point
Estimation of short circuit currents:

Medium Voltage (10 kV upto 30kV) ISCmin > ILmax
High Voltage (110 kV) ISCmin >= ILmax
Extra High Voltage (220kV + ) ISCmin = 0,25 ILmax
©
Siemens AG 2006
Protection criterium - Current
The overcurrent condition is evaluated I>

 Suitable for:
I> I
ILmax ISCmin
 Additional criterium - Time

 (to ensure selectivity)
Protection:
 Fuses
 inverse time protection (IDMT)
 definite time protection (DT)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Overcurrent protection: signals and time grading
A B
Protected object
Protection Protection
device device
t2
t1
A B l
©
Siemens AG 2006
Protection criterium - Impedance
 From the voltage and current signals the impedance is calculated

 The impedance is proportional to the fault distance
 Characteristic:
X
Z<
R
 Additional criterium - Time
(Required for selectivity and back-up protection)
Protection:
 Multiple stage distance protection
©
Siemens AG 2006
Distance protection: signals and time grading
A B
B C
Example distance protection

Protection Protection Protection
device device device
t3
t2
t1
Z1 Z2 d
A B C
©
Siemens AG 2006
Protection criterium - Current difference
 Evaluation of node I1 + I2 + I3 + ... In = 0; if the equation is not satisfied the

fault is internal
 Security is increased by stabilisation |I1|+|I2|+ ... |In| = Istab
 Characteristic:
Idiff
Trip
Istab
 definite distinction internal / external faults (no back-up)

Protection:
 Line differential protection
 Generator-, motor-, transformer differential protection
 Busbar protection
©
Siemens AG 2006
Differential protection principle
A B
Protected object
Protection
device
Protection Protection
device
communication
device
momentary values/
binary decisions
t
A B
©
Siemens AG 2006
Further typical Protection criteria
 Current increase (start protection algorithms)

 Under and over voltage (motor prot / insulation of machines)
 Directional comparison (lines)
 Phase comparison (kind of differential protection)
 Power direction (generator protection, network decoupling)
 Phase angle
 Over and under frequency (load shedding)
 Frequency gradient (load shedding, synchronisation)
 Harmonics (transformer inrush, over excitation)
 special criteria in machine protection
©
Siemens AG 2006
Advantages of numerical technology
Integration of protection functions in one device
 Feeder protection device
Example: Medium voltage overhead line protection

 Distance protection
 Directional E/F protection
 Breaker Failure protection
 Over voltage protection
 Three pole auto reclose
 Fault location
 Fault event recording
 Disturbance recording
©
Siemens AG 2006
Self monitoring
 Increased availability
 Plausibility check of the measured values

 Monitoring of the A/D conversion
 Internal testing of the processor system (Watch-Dog)
 Monitoring of the memory modules
©
Siemens AG 2006
No drift of tripping characteristic
 Increased availability
 Precision of the tripping characteristic remains

 Less routine tests and no recalibration

©
Siemens AG 2006
Analogue measurement treatment
analog incoming signals are compared to

I1 U1
reference values. These values are
subject to changes due to ageing.
U2
setting values drift is possible and must
be supervised >
U1 < U2 no fault detection
U1 > U2 fault detection
©
Siemens AG 2006
Numerical measurement treatment
I1 U
1
numerically the
measurement value is
D
converted into a logical digit
000101001001 and then compared with
A
another digit stored in a
setting value stored 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
memory
in EEPROM
meas. current 1,05 A

drift of setting values is not
no pick-up
setting value 1,10 A possible
(no ageing) >
meas. current 1,15 A pick-up
setting value 1,10 A
©
Siemens AG 2006
Comprehensive information supply
 clear representation of the fault sequence
Fault sequence of event and disturbance recording indicate
 What actually happened ?

 What did the current and voltage signals look like (CT saturation) ?
 When did the protection issue a trip signal ?
 How long did the circuit breaker need to operate ?
 What was the magnitude of the interrupted current ?
 How did the system behave after the circuit breaker tripped ?
©
Siemens AG 2006
Mode of operation
Analog Inputs
Analog-Digital-Conversion
yes Fault detection no
Protection program Routine program
Command and information output
©
Siemens AG 2006
Operation
Run and Error LED’s

Large illuminated Display
Cursor Keys
LED’s with reset Key
Control Keys
Key Switches
Local operating Interface
Function Keys
Numerical Keypad
©
Siemens AG 2006
Housing and Connections
Robust
terminals
©
Siemens AG 2006
Communication
with optical
Flexible
communication
interfaces or electrical
 exchangeable
 upgradeable
©
Siemens AG 2006
Protection applications
Generation Transmission Distribution

Generator protection 7UM Distance protection 7SA6 Transformer protection 7UT
Transformer protection 7UT Line protection 7SD6 Line protection 7SD5
-- Feeder protection 7SA5 Overcurrent protection 7SJ6 / 4
-- Busbar protection 7SS5 __
-- __
--
©
Siemens AG 2006
O/C, DIS, DIFF in comparison
1. Which analogue values are required?
2. Limits of operation / main problems?
3. Advantages / disadvantages?
Please answer these questions for each of the three protection

device families
©
Siemens AG 2006

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Overview

Trainer: Claus Wagner

• System Disturbances - Types and Causes

The protection can not prevent system faults,

 selectively clearing faults in

 protecting plant from over-load

Short Circuits in earthed systems

Earth Faults in non effectively earthed

earthed system Peterson Coil isolated neutral

 Generators G < 1MVA up to 1500 MVA

 Transformers 0,1 MVA up to 1000 MVA

 Busbars from 66 kV up (also MV)

 Lines from 1kV upto 750 kV

Line Protection Busbar Protection

LP1 1 out of 2 principle 2 out of 2 principle

Relay 1 out of n principle

The system is only as strong as the weakest link!

Main Protection Back-up Protection Busbar Protection

87T 50/51 87BB BF

Infeed Line Consumer

• Short circuit power of the infeed

Estimation of short circuit currents:

The overcurrent condition is evaluated I>

 Additional criterium - Time

 From the voltage and current signals the impedance is calculated

Example distance protection

 Evaluation of node I1 + I2 + I3 + ... In = 0; if the equation is not satisfied the

 definite distinction internal / external faults (no back-up)

 Current increase (start protection algorithms)

Integration of protection functions in one device

 Feeder protection device

Example: Medium voltage overhead line protection

 Plausibility check of the measured values

No drift of tripping characteristic

 Precision of the tripping characteristic remains

analog incoming signals are compared to

U1 < U2 no fault detection

U1 > U2 fault detection

meas. current 1,05 A

Comprehensive information supply

 clear representation of the fault sequence

Fault sequence of event and disturbance recording indicate

 What actually happened ?

yes Fault detection no

Protection program Routine program

Command and information output

Run and Error LED’s

LED’s with reset Key

Generation Transmission Distribution

1. Which analogue values are required?

2. Limits of operation / main problems?

Please answer these questions for each of the three protection

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