ME 202 Introduction to Material

Science & Engineering (for

Engineers)

Engr. Nazeer Ahmad Anjum

Assistant Prof.
Mechanical Engineering Department
Engineering University Taxila
Lecture # 2
Can you name
the Materials?
Materials Science and Engineering

 It all about the raw materials and how

they are processed
 That is why we call it materials
ENGINEERING
 Minor differences in Raw materials or
processing parameters can mean major
changes in the performance of the
final material or product
  Diagram
 Materials Science and Engineering

 Materials Science
 The discipline of investigating the relationships that exist between
the structures and properties of materials.
 Materials Engineering
 The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of a material
to produce a predetermined set of properties based on established
structure-property correlation.
 Four Major Components of Material Science and
Engineering:
 Structure of Materials
 Properties of Materials
 Processing of Materials
 Performance of Materials
 And Remember: Materials “Drive” our
Society!
 Ages of “Man” we survive based on the materials we control
 Stone Age – naturally occurring materials
 Special rocks, skins, wood
 Bronze Age
 Casting and forging
 Iron Age
 High Temperature furnaces
 Steel Age
 High Strength Alloys
 Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age
 Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (superalloys) – aerospace
 Silicon – Information
 Plastics and Composites – food preservation, housing, aerospace and higher
speeds
 Exotic Materials Age?
 Nano-Material and bio-Materials – they are coming and then …
A Timeline of Human Materials “Control”
Looking At CG Iron Alloy
Development (Processing):
Looking At CG Iron Alloy
Development (Processing):
CG Structure – but with great
care!
Poor “Too
Little”
Good Structure
45KSI YS; 55KSI UTS

Poor “Too
Much”
Looking At CG Iron Alloy
Development (Structures)
Looking At CG Iron Alloy
Development (Results)
 Our Text:
Introduction to Materials Science for
Engineers
 
Doing Materials!
 Engineered Materials are a function of:
 Raw Materials Elemental Control
 Processing History
 Our Role in Engineering Materials then is to
understand the application and specify the
appropriate material to do the job as a function of:
 Strength: yield and ultimate
 Ductility, flexibility
 Weight/density
 Working Environment
 Cost: Lifecycle expenses, Environmental impact*
* Economic and Environmental Factors often are the
most important when making the final decision!
Introduction
 List the Major Types of MATERIALS
That You Know:
 METALS
 CERAMICS/Glasses
 POLYMERS
 COMPOSITES
 ADVANCED MATERIALS( Nano-
materials, electronic materials)
Introduction, cont.
 Metals  Polymers
 Steel, Cast Iron,  Plastics, Wood,
Aluminum, Copper, Cotton (nylon),
Titanium, many “glue”
others  Composites
 Ceramics  Glass Fiber-
 Glass, Stone, Brick, reinforced polymers,
Alumina, Zirconia, Carbon Fiber-
SiN, SiC reinforced polymers,
Metal Matrix
Composites, etc.
Structural Steel in Use: The Golden Gate
Bridge
Periodic Table of Elements: The Metals
Structural Ceramics
Periodic table ceramic compounds are a combination of
one or more metallic elements (in light color) with one
or more nonmetallic elements (in dark color).
Glasses: atomic-scale structure of (a) a ceramic
(crystalline) and (b) a glass (noncrystalline)
Optical Properties of Ceramic are controlled by
“Grain Structure”
Aluminum oxide specimens
Photograph showing the light
transmittance of three
aluminum oxide specimens.
From left to right:
single crystal material,
which is transparent;
a polycrystalline and
Fully dense (nonporous)
material, which is translucent;
and a polycrystalline material
that contains approximately
5% porosity, which is opaque.

Grain Structure is a function of “Solidification” processing!

 Optical Classification

Intensity of the incident beam=Sum of the

intensities of the transmitted, absorbed,
and reflected beams.
Materials with little absorption and reflection are transparent.
You can see through them.
Materials in which light is transmitted diffusely are
translucent. Objects are not clearly distinguishable.
Materials where light is absorbed and reflected are opaque.
Polymers are typically inexpensive and are characterized
by ease of formation and adequate structural properties
Periodic table with the elements associated with
commercial polymers in color
 Composite Materials – so many combinations

Fiber Glass
Composite:
Thoughts about these “fundamental”
Materials
 Metals:
 Strong, ductile
 high thermal & electrical conductivity
 opaque, reflective.

 Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic

& non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
 Brittle, glassy, elastic
 non-conducting (insulators)

 Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

 Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
 thermal & electrical insulators
 Optically translucent or transparent.
 The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, etc.
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping,
forming, joining, annealing.
But: Properties depend on Structure
(strength or hardness)

(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

30 m
500 (c)
400 (b)
(a)
4 m
300
30 m
200 30 m

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)

And: Processing can change structure! (see

above structure vs Cooling Rate)
Another Example: Rolling of Steel

 At h1, L1  At h2, L2
 low UTS  high UTS
 low YS  high YS
 high ductility  low ductility
 round grains  elongated grains

Structure determines Properties but Processing determines

Structure!
 Electrical Properties (of Copper):
6 i
t % N
a
5 3 .32
+ i Electrical Resistivity of
Cu t% N i
a N
Resistivity, 

4 2.1 6 t %
(10-8 Ohm-m)

+ .1 2 a Copper is affected by:

Cu u +1
3 e d C • Contaminate level
e f o rm % Ni
d 2 a t
2 . 1 • Degree of deformation
u +1
C
” C u • Operating temperature
1 r e
“Pu
0
-200 -100 0 T
(°C)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
THERMAL Properties
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
--Silica fiber insulation of Copper: --It decreases when
offers low heat conduction. you add zinc!

400

Thermal Conductivity
300

(W/m-K)
200

100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)

100 m
 MAGNETIC Properties
• Magnetic Permeability
• Magnetic Storage: vs. Composition:
--Recording medium
--Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a
is magnetized by
better recording medium!
recording head.

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Magnetic Field
Example of Materials Engineering
Work – Hip Implant

 With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.

Particularly those with large loads (such as
hip).
Example – Hip Implant
 Requirements
 mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
 good lubricity
 biocompatibility
Example – Hip Implant
Solution – Hip Implant
Acetabular
 Key Problems to Cup and
Liner
overcome:
 fixation agent to hold Ball
acetabular cup
 cup lubrication material
 femoral stem – fixing
agent (“glue”)
 must avoid any debris in
cup
 Must hold up in body Femoral
chemistry Stem
 Must be strong yet
flexible
 Course Goal is to make you aware of the
importance of Material Selection by:

• Using the right material for the job.

one that is most economical and “Greenest”
when life cycle usage is considered

• Understanding the relation between

properties, structure, and processing.

• Recognizing new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.