Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Chapter 1
Lecture 1
Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Chapter 1
Passive Components
Welcome to the Principles of Electric Circuits.

You will study important ideas that are used in
electrical engineering. You may already be
familiar with a few of the important parts used
in electrical/electronic circuits.
Color bands
Resistance material
• Resistors
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating
Leads

Chapter 1
Summary
Passive Components
Capacitors
Foil
• Capacitors Mica
Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
Mica
Foil
Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)

Chapter 1
Summary
Passive Components
Inductors
• Inductors

Chapter 1
Summary
Active Components
Passive components are used in conjunction with

active components to form an electronic system.
• Transistors

Chapter 1
Quiz
1. A resistor is an example of
a. a passive component
b. an active component
c. an electrical circuit
d. all of the above

Chapter 1
Summary
SI Fundamental Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
temperature Kelvin K
luminous intensity candela cd
amount of substance mole mol

Chapter 1
Summary
Some Important Electrical Units
Except for current, all electrical and magnetic
units are derived from the fundamental units.
Current is a fundamental unit.
Quantity Unit Symbol
current ampere A
charge coulomb C
voltage volt V
resistance ohm W
power watt W

Chapter 1
Quiz
2. The electrical unit that is fundamental is the

a. volt
b. ohm
c. coulomb
d. ampere

Chapter 1
Summary
Scientific and Engineering Notation
Very large and very small numbers are
represented with scientific and engineering
notation.
47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

= 47. x 106 (Engineering Notation)

Chapter 1
Quiz
3. In scientific notation, the number 0.000 56 is written

a. 5.6 x 104
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6

Chapter 1
Summary
Scientific and Engineering Notation
0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)

= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)
0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

= 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)

Chapter 1
Quiz
4. In engineering notation, the number 0.000 56 is written

a. 5.6 x 104
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6

Chapter 1
Summary
Engineering Metric Prefixes
P peta 1015
Can you T tera 1012
name the
prefixes and G giga 109
their
meaning? M mega 106
k kilo 103

Chapter 1
Quiz
5. The metric prefix nano means

a. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12

Chapter 1
Summary
Engineering Metric Prefixes
m milli 10-3
Can you m micro 10-6
name the
prefixes and n nano 10-9
their
meaning? p pico 10-12
f femto 10-15

Chapter 1
Summary
Metric Conversions
When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit,
move the decimal point to the right. Remember, a
smaller unit means the number must be larger.
Smaller unit
0.47 MW = 470 kW
Larger number

Chapter 1
Quiz
6. The metric prefix pico means

a. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12

Chapter 1
Summary
Metric Conversions
When converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit,
move the decimal point to the left. Remember, a larger
unit means the number must be smaller.
Larger unit
10,000 pF = 0.01 mF
Smaller number

Chapter 1
Quiz
7. The number 2700 MW can be written

a. 2.7 TW
b. 2.7 GW
c. 2.7 kW
d. 2.7 mW

Chapter 1
Quiz
8. The value 68 kW is equal to

a. 6.8 x 104 W
b. 68, 000 W
c. 0.068 MW
d. All of the above

Chapter 1
Quiz
10. The quantity 200 mV is the same as

a. 0.000 200 V
b. 20 mV
c. 0.2 V
d. all of the above

Chapter 1
Quiz
Answers:
1. a 6. d
2. d 7. b
3. b 8. d
4. d 9. d
5. c 10. a

Chapter 1
Summary
Voltage (V) is the energy (W) per charge (Q); it
is responsible for establishing current.
+ -
W
V + -
Q
+ -
Work is done as a charge is
+ -
moved in the electric field
from one potential to another. + -
+ -
Voltage is the work per charge
done against the electric field. + -
+ -
+ -
Chapter 1
Quiz
4. The symbol for charge is

a. C
b. W
c. Q
d. W

Chapter 1
Summary
Definition of voltage
W
V
Q
One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between

two points when one joule of energy is used to move
one coulomb of charge from one point to the other.

Chapter 1
Summary
Voltage
Voltage is responsible for establishing current.
e-
Sources of voltage +
e-
include batteries, solar

Zinc Copper
cells, and generators. A (anode)
-
(cathode)
-
Zn2+ Zn + 2e Cu 2+ + 2e Cu
Cu-Zn battery, such as
you might construct in
a chemistry class, is ZnSO4
solution
shown. Porous
barrier
CuSO4
solution

Chapter 1
Quiz
6. A battery stores
a. electrons
b. protons
c. ions
d. chemical energy

Chapter 1
Summary
Current (I) is the amount of charge (Q) that
flows past a point in a unit of time (t).
Q
I
t
One ampere is a number of electrons having a total charge of 1 C
move through a given cross section in 1 s.
What is the current if 2 C passes a point in 5 s? 0.4 A

Chapter 1
Summary
Resistance is the opposition to current.
One ohm (1 W) is the resistance if one ampere (1 A) is in a
material when one volt (1 V) is applied.
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.
1
G
R
Components designed to have a specific amount of resistance are
called resistors. Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating
Leads

Chapter 1
Quiz
7. The unit of conductance is the

a. ohm
b. coulomb
c. siemen
d. ampere

Chapter 1
Summary
Variable resistors include the potentiometer
and rheostat. A potentiometer can be
connected as a rheostat.
R
The center terminal is connected to the wiper
3
1 2 Variable
Shaft
(potentiometer)
Wiper
Resistive
element R
Variable
(rheostat)

Chapter 1
Quiz
5. The definition for voltage is

Q
a. V
t
W
b. V
t
W
c. V
Q
d. V  It

Chapter 1
Summary
A basic circuit consists of 1) a voltage source,
2) a path and 3) a load. An example of a basic
circuit is the flashlight, which has each of these.
Switch Metal strip
Metal reflector Spring

Chapter 1
Quiz
Answers:
1. a 6. d
2. d 7. c
3. b 8. b
4. c 9. b
5. c 10. b

Chapter 1
Summary
The most important fundamental law in electronics is
Ohm’s law, which relates voltage, current, and resistance.
Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854) studied the relationship

between voltage, current, and resistance and formulated
the equation that bears his name.
V
I
R
What is the current in from a 12 V source if the

resistance is 10 W? 1.2 A

Chapter 1
Quiz
3. For constant voltage in a circuit, doubling the

resistance means
a. doubling the current
b. halving the current
c. there is no change in the current
d. depends on the amount of voltage

Chapter 1
Quiz
5. If the current in a 330 W resistor is 15 mA, the applied

voltage is approximately
a. 5.0 V
b. 22 V
c. 46 V
d. 60 V

Chapter 1
Quiz
7. The circuit with the largest current is

a. (a)
b. (b)
c. (c)
d. (d)
+12 V R +15 V R +18 V R +24 V R

10 kW 15 kW 22 kW 27 kW
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Chapter 1
Summary
Ohm’s law
If you need to solve for voltage, Ohm’s law is:
V  IR
What is the voltage across a 680 W resistor if the

current is 26.5 mA? 18 V

Chapter 1
Quiz
8. The circuit with the smallest current is

a. (a)
b. (b)
c. (c)
d. (d)
+12 V R +15 V R +18 V R +24 V R

10 kW 15 kW 22 kW 27 kW
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Chapter 1
Summary
Ohm’s law
V
If you need to solve for resistance, Ohm’s law is: R 
I
What is the (hot)

resistance of the bulb? 132 W O FF V
Hz
115 V V
m V
A Ra n g e
A u t o ra n g e 1 s
To u c h / H o ld 1 s
10 A
V
40 m A C O M
Fu se d

Chapter 1
Summary
A student takes data for a resistor and fits the straight
lineGraph
shown toofthe
Current versus
data. What Voltage
is the resistance and the
conductance of the resistor?
16
The slope represents the 14

conductance.
14.8 mA - 0 mA 12
G  1.48 mS
I (m A )
10.0 V - 0 V
The reciprocal of the 8
conductance is the
4
resistance:
1 1
R    676 Ω 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
G 1.48 mS
V (V )

Chapter 1
Quiz
1. Holding the voltage constant, and plotting the current

against the resistance as resistance is varied will form a
a. straight line with a positive slope
b. straight line with a negative slope
c. parabola
d. hyperbola

Chapter 1
Summary
Graph of Current versus Voltage
Notice that the plot of 10
current versus voltage for a

8 .0
fixed resistor is a line with
a positive slope. What is
C u rren t (m A )
6 .0
the resistance indicated by

4 .0
the graph? 2.7 kW
2 .0
What is its 0
conductance? 0.37 mS 0 10
V o lta g e (V )
20 30

Chapter 1
Quiz
2. When the current is plotted against the voltage for a

fixed resistor, the plot is a
a. straight line with a positive slope
b. straight line with a negative slope
c. parabola
d. hyperbola

Chapter 1
Summary
Graph of Current versus Resistance
10
If resistance is varied
for a constant voltage, 8.0
the current verses
Current (mA)
6.0
resistance curve plots a
hyperbola. 4.0
2.0
What is the curve for 0

a 3 V source? 0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Resistance (kW )

Chapter 1
Quiz
Answers:
1. d 6. c
2. a 7. a
3. b 8. c
4. b 9. d
5. a 10. c

Chapter 1
Summary
1n
Energy
Energy, W, is the ability to do work and is
measured in joules. One joule is the work
done when a force of one newton is
applied through a distance of one meter.
1m
The symbol for energy, W, represents
work, but should not be confused with the
unit for power, the watt, W.

Chapter 1
Quiz
2. The SI unit of energy is the

a. volt
b. joule
c. watt
d. kilowatt-hour

Chapter 1
Summary
Energy
The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a much larger unit of
energy than the joule. There are 3.6 x 106 J in a kWh.
The kWh is convenient for electrical appliances.
What is the energy used in operating a

1200 W heater for 20 minutes?
1200 W = 1.2 kW
20 min = 1/3 h
1.2 kW X 1/3 h =0.4 kWh

Chapter 1
Quiz
1. A unit of power is the

a. joule
b. kilowatt-hour
c. both of the above
d. none of the above

Chapter 1
Summary
Power
Power is the rate energy is “used” (actually converted
to heat or another form). Power is measured in watts
(or kilowatts). Notice that rate always involves time.
One watt = one joule/second
Three equations for power in circuits that are
collectively known as Watt’s law are:
V2
P  IV P  I 2R P
R

Chapter 1
Summary
Power
What power is dissipated in a 27 W resistor is the

current is 0.135 A?
Given that you know the resistance and current,

substitute the values into P =I 2R.
P  I 2R
 (0.135 A) 2  27  
 0.49 W

Chapter 1
Quiz
9. A battery rated for 20 Ah can supply 2 A for a

minimum of
a. 0.1 h
b. 2 h
c. 10 h
d. 40 h

Chapter 1
Summary
Power
What power is dissipated by a heater that draws 12 A

of current from a 120 V supply?
The most direct solution is to substitute into P = IV.

P  IV
  12 A   120 V 
 1440 W

Chapter 1
Quiz
8. The circuit with the smallest power dissipation is

a. (a)
b. (b)
c. (c)
d. (d)
+10 V R +15 V R +20 V R +25 V R

100 W 200 W 300 W 400 W
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Chapter 1
Quiz
3. If the voltage in a resistive circuit is doubled, the power

will be
a. halved
b. unchanged
c. doubled
d. quadrupled

Chapter 1
Quiz
7. The circuit with the largest power dissipation is

a. (a)
b. (b)
c. (c)
d. (d)
+10 V R +15 V R +20 V R +25 V R

100 W 200 W 300 W 400 W
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

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Chapter 1

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Welcome to the Principles of Electric Circuits.

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Passive components are used in conjunction with

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

2. The electrical unit that is fundamental is the

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

3. In scientific notation, the number 0.000 56 is written

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)

0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

4. In engineering notation, the number 0.000 56 is written

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Engineering Metric Prefixes

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

5. The metric prefix nano means

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Engineering Metric Prefixes

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

6. The metric prefix pico means

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

7. The number 2700 MW can be written

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

8. The value 68 kW is equal to

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

10. The quantity 200 mV is the same as

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

4. The symbol for charge is

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

include batteries, solar

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

What is the current if 2 C passes a point in 5 s? 0.4 A

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

7. The unit of conductance is the

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

5. The definition for voltage is

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Switch Metal strip

Metal reflector Spring

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854) studied the relationship

What is the current in from a 12 V source if the

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

3. For constant voltage in a circuit, doubling the

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall