Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Advances in Welding For Sanitary Designs
Advances in Welding For Sanitary Designs
Sanitary Designs
Richard E. Avery
Consultant to the
Nickel Institute
• AWS D18.2
Guide to Weld Discoloration Levels on Inside
of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube
Goals of D18.1 & D18.2
• Guidance of judging root welds of tubes
from OD appearance
• Guides for Procedure & Performance
Qualification, Preconstruction Weld
Samples
• Weld visual acceptance criteria
• Illustration of weld discoloration levels
AWS D18 Committee Work
• Members – equipment producers, users
& general interest groups
• 36 weld samples, many with ID defects
– examined on OD & ID by 3-A
inspectors
• Tube with varying levels of weld
discoloration
• Tube with varying discoloration levels
Welding Qualifications
• Welding Procedure Specification
(WPS) - for each type of weld
• Performance Qualification - to test
welder’s ability
• Preconstruction Weld Samples (PWS)
- 3 welds made by each welder to aid
in evaluating production welds
Visual Examination
Requirements
The Sample Numbers refer to the amount of oxygen in the purging gas:
Note: welds on type 304L SS showed no significant difference in heat tint colour from type
316L.
Heat Tint - Acceptance Limits
• Acceptable limits could vary with end
application service, D18.1 or D18.2
• Typically 5 and greater is unacceptable
• An acceptance level should be identified
by number rather than ppm of oxygen or
by workmanship standards for particular
contract
Factors Influencing Heat Tint
Source:
The ESAB Group
Duplex SS – alloy 2205
• Typically: 22 Cr, 5 Ni, 3 Mo, O.15 N
• Structure is austenite islands in ferritic
matrix ~ 50/50 is ideal
• Higher strength – YS 2 to 3 times 316
- forming requires greater power
- more spring-back during forming
Duplex SS – (cont.)