Flat or terraced roof Curved Roof Pitched roof classification • Lean to Roof • Gable Roof • Hip Roof • Gambrel Roof • Mansard or Curb roof • Deck roof 1.Lean to roof • Simplest type of sloping roof • Provided either for a room of small span or for the verandah • It has slope on one side 2.Gable roof • Common type of sloping roof which slopes in two directions • Two slopes meet at the ridge
• At the end Vertical
triangles -shape 3.Hip roof • Roof is formed by four sloping surfaces in four directions • At the end faces sloped triangles are formed 4.Gambrel roof • Roof like gable roof, slopes in two directions but there is a break in each slope at each end vertical face is formed 5.Mansard roof • Like hip roof, slopes in the four direction but each slope has a break • Sloping ends are obtained 6.Deck roof • Has slope in all four directions like hip roof, but a deck or plane surface is formed at the top Elements of Pitched roof • Span: It is the clear distance between the supports of an arch, beam or roof truss • Rise Vertical distance between the top of ridge and wall plate Pitch: • Inclination of the sides of a roof to the horizontal plane • It is expressed in either in terms of degree angle) or as a ratio of rise to span • Ridge Defined as apex line Formed by the termination of inclined surfaces at the top of a slope Eaves: the lower edge of the inclined roof surface • From the lower edge(eaves, the rain water from the roof surface drops down • Hip: It is the ridge formed by the intersection of two sloping surfaces, where the exterior angle is greater than 180o • Valley: Reverse of a hip. It is formed by the intersectio n of two roof surfaces • Hipped End: Sloped triangular surface formed at the end of a roof • Verge : Edge of a gable, running between eaves and ridge • Ridge piece, ridge beam and ridge board: It is a horizontal wooden member in the form of a beam or board, which is provided at the apex of a roof truss. It supports the common rafters fixed to it • Common rafters or spars: Are inclined wooden members running from the ridge to eaves Bevelled against the ridge beam at the head and are fixed to purlins at intermediate point • Support the battens or boarding to support the roof coverings • Depending upon the roof covering material, rafters are spaced 30 to 45cm centre to centre • Purlins • Horizontal beam (wooden or steel) used to support common rafters of a roof when span is large • Supported on trusses or walls Valley rafters • Sloping rafters which run diagonally from the ridge to the eaves for supporting valley gutters • They receive ends purlins and ends of jack rafters on both sides Jack rafters • Shorter in length which run from hip or valley to the eaves • Hip rafters Sloping rafters which form the hip of a sloped roof Run diagonally from ridge to the corners of walls to support roof coverings They receive ends of purlins and ends of jack rafters Eaves board or facia board • It is a wooden plank or board fixed to the feet of a common rafters at the eaves • Usually 25mm thick and more than 25mm wide • Eaves gutter can also be secured against it • Ends of lower most roof covering material rest upon it Barge Board • Timber board used to hold common rafter forming verge(outskirts) Wall plates • Long wooden members which are provided on the top of stone or brick wall for the purpose of fixing the feet of the common rafters • Wall plates actually connect the walls to the roof Post plates • Similar to a wall plate except that they run continuous, parallel to the face of wall, over the top of posts and support rafters at their feet Battens • Thin strips of wood called scantlings, which are nailed to rafters for lying roof materials above Boardings • Similar to battens and are nailed to common rafter to support roofing material Template • Square or rectangular block of stone or concrete placed under beam or truss to spread the load over a large area of the wall Short sections of wood or cleats steel(angle iron) which are fixed on the principal rafters of trusses to support the purlins • A roof truss is a frame work usually Truss triangles designed to support the roof covering or ceiling over rooms