SAMPLING PROCEDURES

What is Sampling procedures

-a small group of people or things taken from a layer group
and used to represent the larger group.
Two general categories of sampling methodologies:
1.None probability sampling
2.Probability sampling
Types of non-probability sampling
a.convenience sampling
-involves choosing respondents at the convenience of thr
researcher
ex.people-in-the-street interviews-the sampling of people to
which the researcher has easy access/such as a class of
students and studies that use people who have volunteered
to be question as a result of an advertisement or another
type of promotion.
b.quota sampling
-an official limit on the number or amount of people or things that are
allowed
- an example of quota sample would be a survey in which the
researcher desires to obtain a certain number of respondents from
various income categories.
c. judgemental sampling
- In this kind of sampling, the researcher uses his/her own 'expert'
judgement.
-An example of this type of sample would be a study of potential
users of a new recreational facility that is limited to those persons
who live within the vicinity.
Probability sampling

The four basic types of probability samples, are mostly

used in quantitative research.

A. Simple random sampling

B. Stratified sampling
C. Cluster sampling
D. Systematic sampling
Simple random sampling

- To conduct this kind of sampling procedure, the researcher

must have a list of all members of the population of interest.
from the list, the sample is drawn so that each person has
an equal chance of being drawn.
- To avoid researcher bias, computerized sampling
programs or random number tables may be used. Reducing
bias enables the researcher to estimate sampling errors
derived through statistical calculations.
Stratified random sampling

- This involves categorizing the members of the population

into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive groups.
An example would be determining the average income
earned by vendors in a city. To obtain more precise
estimates, the researcher may satisfy the samples by
barangays.
Cluster sampling

- The groups are defined in order to maintain the

heterogeneity of the population, clusters are representative
samples of the population as a whole. After the clusters are
established, a simple random sample of the clusters is
drawn and the members of the chosen clusters are
sampled. A cluster sample might be used by a researcher
attempting to measure the age distribution of persons
resing in a given locality.
Systematic sampling

- The researcher selects every nth member after randomly

selecting the first, through nth element as starting point. For
example, if the researcher decides to sample every 20th
member of the population, a 5 % sample, the starting point
for the sample is randomly selected from the first 20
members of the smpling frame. This kind of sampling may
spread the members selected for measurement more
evenly across the entire population, For example, a survey
of tourists entering a top tourist destination in a country
could be conducted by sampling ever 10th visitor.
Other specific kinds of Samples
1. Criterion sampling- selection is based on specific characteristics.
For example, students who have dyslexia or those who are left-
handed.
2. Homogenous sampling- selection of participants who have
similar experiences, attitudes or outlook, for example, working
students, children of OCW's, commercial models, student
leaders, scholars or grantees, Pokemon enthusiast, and other.
3. Maximum variation sampling- the objective of the selection is to
attain more indepth views from a big number of participants. In
this type of sampling, commn themes or patterns are more
palpable.
4. Intensity sampling- the objective of the selection is to
sample the same characteristics repetitively. This is
particularly useful in the phenomenological research design.
5. Deviant case sampling- A researcher uses deviant case
sampling when he/ she seeks cases that differ from the
dominant pattern or from the predominant characteristics of
other cases.
• deviant case sampling differs from purposive sampling in
that the goal is to locate a collection of unusual, differenr,
or peculiar cases that are not represenative of the whole.
• For example, a researcher is inteested in studying high
school dropouts, Let us say that prevoius research
suggested that a majority of dropouts come from families
that have low income, are single parent or unstable, have
been geographically mobile, and are racial minorities.