FIRE AND FIGHTING THEORY

MATERIALS
HEAT
STARVELING COOLING

OXYGEN

SMOTHERING
STARVATION
PHYSICAL REMOVAL OF SMOTHERING
FUEL PHYSICALL STOPPING AIR
SUPPLY BLANKETS
STOPPING BARRIERS
VAPORISATION OF DRY POWDER
LIQUID FUEL – FOAM – SMOTHERING METAL FIRES
COVERING SURFACE
DISPLACEMENT OF AIR
KEEPING MIXTURE CO2 – INERT GAS STEAM
OUTSIDE FLAMMABLE
LIMITS

AIR
VA
MO

RE
RE

MO
STOPPING THE
EL

VA
REACTION
FU

L
( VAPOUR PHASE ONLY)

HALONGENATED
HYDROCARBON S
AND DRY POWDERS

HEAT REMOVAL
PREVENTATION OF SUFFICIENT ENERGY
TO INITATE THE REACTION

COOLING WATER JETS- TO REMOVE HEAT

SPRAYES - PROJECTION–
 Smoke and
heat gas

Fire
Fire
Cold Air
Convection Radiant Heat

Fire
‫هـــــواء‬ 1m . 1m .

Fire 1m2

Conduction Inverse
4m2
square Law
 CLASSES OF FIRE

CLASS (A) CLASS (B)

Flammable liquid
Combustible materials
ex. Petroleum compounds and its
ex. Paper - wood - textiles
derivatives
etc… water is the best choice
foam is the best choice

CLASS (C)

Flammable gases natural gases, L.P.G.

close the source is the best choice

CLASS (D) Unclassified

Meatless such as Na,K,Mn, Electrical fires

powder is the best choice or alc. Foam. shut off the power then fight.
 ‫مخاطر العمل المختلفة‬
‫سيكلوجية‬
‫فسيولوجية‬
‫ارجونوميك‬
‫وسط العمل االجتماعي والخدمات‬
‫متاينة‬ ‫االشعاع‬
‫غير متاينة‬
‫الحرارة‬
‫الضوضاء‬ ‫فيزيائية‬
‫االهتزازات‬
‫االضاءة‬
‫الضغط‬
‫غازية‬
‫سائلة‬
‫صلبة‬
‫كيميائية‬
‫الفطريات‬
‫الخضراوات‬ ‫بيلوجية‬
‫‪ROBIAL‬اــلمالبس‬
‫ديناميكية‬
‫استاتيكية‬ ‫كهربائية‬
‫وسائل النقل المختلفة‬
‫اآلالت الرفع الميكانيكية‬
‫ساللم اماكن العمل‬
‫التروس وآلالت المتحركة‬
‫العدد اليدوية واآللية‬
‫اجهزة ومواسير الحفر المختلفة‬
‫ميكانيكية‬
‫الحبال والكابالت واالسالك والجنازير‬
‫اجسام متاطيرة‬
‫البراميل والعبوات والصهاريج والخزانات‬
‫اسباب أخري متنوعة‬
HEALTH AND THE WORKERS

Peace of Mind

Happiness
Social
Advancement Relaxation
Club
Illness

Family
Car
Ties
Social Home
Life

Chores
Finance
Sport
Work
Machine
Satisfaction Work-Mates
Or Task

Frustration
Challenge Manager
Production
Ambition Or
Service
“illness costs
industry 20 times
more man-days
than accidents”
Says James Tye
Director General
British Safety Council
Common categories of occupational health
hazards are:

1. Chemical
(mist/vapor/gas/smoke/dust/aerosol/fume).

2. Physical
(noise/temperature/illumination/vibration/radiation/pressure)

3. Biological (bacteria/virus/fungus/parasite).

4. Ergonomic (monotony/work pressure/overload/body

positions/metabolic cycles/psychosocial hazards).
Important variables

Consider when evaluating the degree of hazard of an

occupational health exposure:

1. Chemical concentration
2. Route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, absorption).
3. Length of exposure
4. Individual variation (age,sex,race,etc.)
5. Frequency of exposure
6. Previous work experience
7. Drug interactions
8. Chemical formulation
9. Controls in use
10. Environmental (temperature, humidity, etc.).
Solvents Hazards
Not only health hazards but also fire and explosion hazards.
Any one handling solvents should be familiar with:
1.The Solvent’s flash point. Flammable range, vapor pressure
and vapor density.
2.The type and method of application.
3.The type and length of worker exposure.
4.The temperature at which the solvent will be used
5.The exposed surface area of the solvent
6.The evaporation rate.
7.The toxic properties
8.The general and local ventilation provided
9.The pattern and direction of airflow in the work area.
10.The expected vapor concentration
11.The proper storage procedures
12.The proper labeling procedures
13.The proper disposal procedures for both solvent and
solvent contaminant materials.
Common methods for control

1. Air Contaminants

a. Substitution or replacement
b. Isolation of operation
c. Elimination or reduction of employee exposure
d. Change in process or operation
e. Local exhaust
f. Ventilation
g. Wetting-down methods
h. Housekeeping
i. Personal protective equipment
j. Personal hygiene
k. Air monitoring
2. Industrial Skin Diseases

a. Substitution of substances
b. Engineering controls
c. Standard practices
d. Personal protective equipment
e. Personal placement

3. Noise

a. Reduction at its source

b. Reduction of noise transmitted
c. Personal protection equipment
d. Administrative procedures
4. Vibration

• Source reduction
• Isolation
• Dampening

5. Cold

• Proper clothing
• Good physical condition
• Buddy system
6. Heat

• Ventilation
• Equipment and process change
• Work-saving devices
• Heat shields and barriers
• Selection and periodic examination of workers
• Work controls such as schedules and rest periods
• Worker training
• Replacement of body fluids
• Acclimatization
• Personal protection equipment
7. Radiation

• Education and training

• Exposure monitoring
• Heat shields and reflective clothing
• Personal protective equipment
• Proper job procedures
• Effective maintenance

8. Illumination

• Measure light levels; meet lighting standards

• Use brighter, more reflective colors
• Maintain lighting system (fixtures, bulbs, etc.)
• Keep windows, bulbs, etc., clean
• Place lights properly
9. Biological Hazards

• Employee education
• Monitoring
• Personal hygiene
• Insect control
• Proper job procedures
• Personal protective equipment
• Proper sanitary facilities
• Good housekeeping

10. Ergonomics

• Design and engineering

• Education and training
• Administrative controls (such as shift scheduling)
• Labor-saving devices
11. Psychosocial Hazards
a. Management/Supervisory/Leadership training.
b. Coaching/Counseling/Employee Assistance Programs
c. Positive behavior reinforcement.
Supervisory management of occupational a health hazards

1. Recognition of potential problems requires that supervisors:

a. Use Material Safety Data Sheets

b. Know the work processes
c. Conduct effective inspections
d. Prepare and review job/task procedures
e. Recall past incidents
f. Review existing investigation reports
g. Use available professional support
h. Use a health hazard survey sheet or check list
2. Evaluation includes monitoring and measuring air samples, water
samples, sound levels, illumination, etc., and is usually done by
trained specialists. Supervisors can provide valuable information
about the workplace environment, employee experiences and the
work processes that could affect hazard levels.

3. Control techniques which depend heavily upon supervisors include:

a. Good housekeeping
b. Personal hygiene
c. Employee training
d. Proper job procedures
e. Proper job instruction
f. Job observation
g. Rules compliance
h. Protective equipment compliance
i. Proper posting and labeling
j. Proper storage of hazardous materials
k. Group communications
l. Personal safety and health contacts
KEY QUESTIONS
1. What are the three steps in dealing with an occupation
health hazards?
2. Give the four major categories of occupational health
exposure and give several example of each.
3. List 10 techniques for controlling occupational health
hazards
4. List three criteria that must be considered when evaluating
a hazard.
5. What do PEL, TLV-C, STEL, TLV-TWA stand for? Explain
their meaning.
6. List three situations that should tip you off to a noise
problem in your working area.
7. What information should all good labels contain? List five
items
8. Assuming that you have a proper storage area for your
hazardous materials, list ten factors that must be
considered before you stock this area.
HAVE A CHIP ON YOUR SHOULDER OR A
POSITIVE GRIEVANCE
NEVER SMOKE LESS THAN 50 CIGARETTES A
DAY
DRINK AT LEAST A BOTTLE OF WHISKY A DAY
PUT ON WEIGHT, BECOME SHORT OF BREATH,
HAVE A BULL NECK, HIPPO BELLY
KEEP WORRYING, NEVER REST OR GO HOME,
DON’T HAVE A HOLIDAY
DON’T WALK ANYWHERE, USE THE CAR PUBLIC
TRANSPORT, USE LIFT
Worry about work and have a nice obsession
 ‫‪ERGONOMICS‬‬

‫هو العلم الذي يتناول العالقة بين اإلنسان والمكان الذي يشغل والمعدات التي يستخدمها‬
‫والوسط الكائن ويتناول أيضا التطبيقات التشريحية والفيزيائية والسيكولوجية والمشاكل التي تصعد من أي منها‬
‫وينقسمـ علمـ ‪ERGONOMICS‬‬
‫الي ما يلي‬

‫العوامل الفيزيائية‬ ‫الوسط المحيط‬ ‫العوامل السيكولوجية‬

‫من الناحية الفيزيائية‬ ‫من الناحية االجتماعية‬

‫العجز‬ ‫القدرة‬ ‫األبعاد‬

‫*البيانات التشريحية‬ ‫*الضوضاء‬ ‫*الذاكرة الضعيفة‬

‫*القوة‬ ‫*الترقيات‬
‫*عمي األلوان‬ ‫للجسم‬ ‫*الترددات‬ ‫*التوقعات‬
‫*البراعة ( ذهنية‪/‬‬ ‫*التدريب‬
‫*الشلل الجزئي‬ ‫*أوضاعه في‬ ‫*الضغوط‬ ‫*المعلومات‬
‫يدوية )‬ ‫*العالقات‬
‫الجلوس‬ ‫*اإلضاءة‬ ‫*تقدير المخاطر‬