ELECTRICAL MOTORS PWM CONTROL

PROF.DR.ING. IVAN BOGDANOV

POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMIȘOARA, ROMANIA
DC MOTOR

Adjustable Continuous Voltage Pulsed DC or Pulsating DC (PDC) voltage

L inductance winding circuit current variation

The control is achieved by a PWM (PULSE-WIDTH-MODULATION) signal:

a series of periodically repeated pulses of a variable width.

The parameters for the pulses are: the pulse width TC (conduction duration)
and the T repetition rate (the period).
H bridge with power transistors
 D1-D4 diodes
This type of diodes are known by many different names, such as:
flyback diode,
kickback diode,
snubber diode,
commutating diode,
freewheeling diode,
suppression diode,
clamp diode,
catch diode,
or transient-voltage-suppression (TVS) diode.

They have a protective role for the T1 - T4 transistors against the riverse voltages that occur (when blocked).
When a motor winding, of L inductance, supply current is suddenly interrupted in the coil, a reverse polarity
voltage is induced and this can destroy the transistors.
The transient-voltage-suppression (TVS) diodes have the role of discharging, during the conduction pause, the
magnetic energy stored in the motor’s control winding. Thus, these diodes provide the protection.
Command in one sense of rotation Command in the second sense of rotation.

For one rotation sense T3 and T4 are permanently full-on and T1 and T2
are switched.
For the second sense, the procedure is reversed.

In both cases the obtained supply voltage of the motor consists of repeating
pulses of TC duration.
Simultaneous command of two transistors on a diagonal of the bridge

two transistors on a diagonal of the bridge are blocked (open) and the other two are switched (close/open).
Motor winding is of L inductance,.
When the supply current is suddenly interrupted in the winding, a
reverse polarity voltage is induced and this can destroy the
transistors (during the pulse pause; T-TC)
Simultaneous command of two transistors
on a diagonal of the bridge
Switching a single transistor of the bridge diagonal

In this case, for one sense of rotation:

- two transistors on a diagonal are blocked;
- on the other diagonal, one of the transistors is always in conduction and the other one is rhymically switched.
 Alternative switching the transistors on a diagonal.

In this case, two transistors on a diagonal are kept permanently

blocked, and the other two are alternately switched (once one, then
the other). For example, for the case illustrated transistors T3 and T4
are permanently blocked, and T1 and T2 are switched alternately.
Alternative switching the transistors of a diagonal
the asynchronous motor is supplied by a three-phase alternating
voltage system withvarying the amplitude and frequency. The
synthesis of the three adjustable alternating voltages is achieved
by using, as executive element, a three-phase bridge inverter.

Note: The circuit that converts the alternating current into DC is

called a rectifier, and the circuit that converts the DC current into
alternating current is called an inverter.
1). Transistors T1 - T6 can be of any type: bipolar, MOS or IGBT;
2). The structure is very similar to that for the DC motor(fig.7.20) since only one arm
with two transistors has been added to the H bridge;
3). The circuit is also supplied by a continuous voltage between (+) and (-) (it is an inverter).
The block diagram of Fig.7.31. is related to a squirrel cage induction asynchronous motor,
of a medium power (up to 3KW). This executive element is a three-phase bridge composed
of 6 power transistors. This bridge synthesizes three alternative voltages that supply
the windings of the motor.
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