IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST MERCIFUL, THE MOST KIND

Characteristics Of
Internal Hard Disks
 Hard disk drive
A HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD), hard disk drive , hard drive , or fixed disk ,
is an electromechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage and
retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks
(platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic
heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data
to the platter surface. Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning
that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not
only sequentially. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored
data even when powered off.
FIGURE OF HARD DISK
 Characteristics of Hard Disk
 Some important characteristics of the hard disk are as follows:
• The hard disk provides a large storage capacity. The capacity of a personal
computer hard disk is from 160 GB to 2TB and more.
• It is much faster than the floppy disk.
• It is the primary media for storing data and programs.
• It is more reliable than a floppy disk.
• Data stored on the hard disk is safer than the floppy disk.
CHARACTERISTICS HARD DISK
INTERNAL HARD DISK
 Hard disk controllers
It consists of chips and electronic circuits. It also controls the transfer of data,
instructions, and information between system and system unit.

There are 4 types of hard disk interfaces for personal computer which are as follows:
SATA stands for serially advanced technology attachment. It used for serial signals to
transfers data, instruction and information. The main advantage of SATA is that cables are
thinner, longer and higher. The external hard disks can use the SATA interface that is much
faster than USB.
EIDE stands for Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics. EIDE is a device interface that
used signals parallelly to transfer the instructions and data etc. The approximate data
transfer speed of EIDE is up to 133 Mbps.
 SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface. It is used as a parallel signal and cannot support
from 8 to 15 devices. SCSI can support hard disks, disk drives, printers, etc.
DISK CACHE  It is used to improve hard disk performance.it is a type of ram program instructions
and data that the user is working with. When the CPU needs the information it first looks at the cache
from the hard disk and if it doesn’t need the information it retrieves information from the hard disk.
HARD DISK CONTROLLER
Storage Capacity
The capacity of a hard drive is measured in bytes. Modern drive capacities are in the gigabyte (billions
of bytes) and terabyte (trillions of bytes) range and likely to go higher. The capacity is a factor of the
number of platters, or disks, that are installed in the drive and the density of the magnetic storage
capability of those platters.
Access Speed
The hard drive is an electro-mechanical device. The data that is stored on the magnetic platters is read by
a head that floats just above the surface as the disk rotates beneath it. The read-write head must move to
different parts of the platter as it spins to read all of the parts of a file. The combination of the speed of
the head movement and how quickly the platter can rotate under the head form the basis for the access
speed.
Form Factor
Early hard drives were huge, housed in separate machines and connected to the CPU via heavy cables.
Modern hard drives are limited to three physical formats: 3.5-inch, 2.5-inch and 1.8-inch. The smaller
physical size limits the number of platters and the diameter of those platters. A 1.8-inch drive, for
example, has a maximum capacity of 320 gigabytes.
 THANK YOU .
• SANIA SHAHID (2K20/IT/105)
• HIFZA MUSHTAK (2K20/IT/49)
• MARYAM RAEES (2K20/IT/63)