Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter-8 - Motion - From Topic - Uniform Motion To Some Important Graphs
Chapter-8 - Motion - From Topic - Uniform Motion To Some Important Graphs
O Uniform Motion:
Definition: Uniform motion can be defined as the body
covers equal distance in equal intervals of time.
1.Motion of the hour/minute/second hand of a clock
2.A train going along the track at steady speed
3.A cooling fan running at a fixed speed
4.The Earth moving around the sun
5.Rotating fan
6.A vibrating spring in a sewing machine.
7.Motion of a pendulum of a wall clock
8.The Moon moving around the Earth.
O Non-Uniform Motion:
Definition : Non-uniform motion can be defined as the body
covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time.
1. A horse running in a race
2. A bus on its way through the market
3. Movement of an asteroid
4. Aircraft moving through the clouds and then landing
5. A man running a 100 m race
6. A car coming to a halt
7. A train coming to its terminating stop
8. A car colliding with another car.
Speed & Average Speed
O The distance travelled by an object in unit time is
called speed.
O To specify the speed of an object, we require only
its magnitude.
O It is a scalar quantity.
O Speed = Distance/Time
O SI unit: m/s
O Other units: cm/s , km/h
O The total distance travelled by an object in total
time is called average speed in case non-uniform
motion.
O Average Speed = Total Distance/Total Time
Useful Conversions
O1 km/h = (1 × 1000/3600) m/s
O1 m/s = (1 × 3600/1000) km/h
O1 km = 1000 m
O1 hour = 60 minutes
O1 minute = 60 seconds
O1 hour = 3600 seconds
Example 8.1 An object travels 16 m in 4 s
and then another 16 m in 2 s. What is the
average speed of the object?
Quick Recap
O Introduction to motion
O Types of motion
O Vector and Scalar quantities
O Distance and Displacement
O Numerical
O Uniform and Non-uniform motion
O Speed and Average speed
O Important conversion
O Numerical
We know that, Speed=Distance / time
Extra
.°. Time =distance practice questions
/ speed
Let's see the first case,
1.A car travels
d1 = distance = 30 km 30 km at a uniform speed of
40 km/h
v1= speed and the next 30 km at uniform
= 40 km/h
speed of 20 km/h. Find its average
t 1= time = distance/speed = 30 / 40 = 3/4 h speed.
Let's see the second case,
d2 = 30 km
v2 = 20 km/h
t2 = 30 / 20 = distance/speed = 3/2 h
Avg. Speed =Total distance/ Total time
= (d1 + d2)/(t1+t2) = (30 + 30) / (3/4 + 3/2)
= 60 / (3 + 6) /4
= 60 / 9 × 4 =20 / 3 × 4 = 80 / 3= 26.67 km/h
Avg. Speed = total distance/total time
Vavg.2.On
= dtotal /t km track, a train travels the
a 120
Therefore,
first 30 km at a uniform speed of 30 km/h.
How fast must the train travel the next 90
total time, t = dtotal/ Vavg.
km as to average 60 km/h for the entire
Fortrip.
120 km, t = 120/60 = 2 h
For 1st 30 km, t1 = 30/30 = 1 h (1st Case)
So, time for remaining 90 km (2nd Case),
t2 = t – t1 = 2 -1 =1 h
Therefore speed = distance/time(t2)
= 90/1
Velocity & Average Velocity
Distance
60
50 50
Distance (metre)
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (second)
Time, t = 5 minutes = 5×60 = 300 seconds
Speed of light, s = 3×108 m/s,
Distance, d=?
Speed (s) = Distance(d)/Time(t)
d = s × t = 3×108 × 300 = 900 × 108
= 9 × 1010 m
Therefore, Distance was 9 × 1010 m
Homework: Example 8.3
Example 8.3 Usha swims in a 90 m long pool.
She covers 180 m in one minute by swimming
from one end to the other and back along the
same straight path. Find the average speed and
average velocity of Usha.
Total Displacement, s = 0 m
Avg. velocity = 0/3 = 0 m/s
My Questions & Your Answers
O Tell me something about a reference frame
O Tell me one-one example of moving & stationary
object
O Tell me some types of motion
O Tell me about linear & circular motion
O Tell me one difference between distance &
displacement.
O Tell me one similarity between speed & velocity
O Tell me the use of an odometer & a speedometer
O Tell me the case in which an average velocity of an
object will be equal to its average speed
O Tell me one-one example in which a average velocity of
an object will negative & zero.
A particle is moving in a circle of diameter
Distancethe
5m.Calculate = 47.1 m &covered
distance Displacement = Zero
& the displacement
when it completes 3 revolutions. (Take Π = 3.14)
A body is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s. If the
motion is uniform,Velocity
what will bem/s
= 15 the velocity after 10
seconds.
A train travels some distance with a speed of 30 km/h
& returnsAverage
with aSpeed
speedof of
the45
train = 36 Calculate
km/h. km/h the
average speed of the train.
A car travels along a straight line for first half time
with speedAverage
40 km/hSpeed
& second half=time
of a car with speed 60
50 km/h
km/h. Find the avg. speed of the car.
A train 100 m long moving on a straight level track
passes a poleSpeed
in 5 s.= Find
20 m/s (a)&the
time = 30ofs the train (b)
speed
the time it will take to cross a bridge of 500 m length.
A body starts rolling over a horizontal surface with an
initial velocity of 0.5 m/s . Due to friction, its velocity
time = 10 s 2
decreases at the rate of 0.05 m/s . How much time
will it take for the body to stop?
A car travelling at 36 km/h speeds upto 72 km/h in 5 s.
Acceleration = 2 m/s 2
& Retardation = -1
What is its acceleration? If the same car stops in nextm/s 2
70
60 60
Velocity (m/s)
50 50
40 40
30 30
Uniform (Constant) Acceleration
20 20 as velocity increases at uniform
rate.
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second)
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a=-ve constant)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 60 50 40 30 20
70
Uniform (Constant) Acceleration as
60 60
velocity decreases at uniform rate.
50 50
Velocity (m/s)
40 40
30 30
20 20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second)
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a= +ve variable)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 0 20 30 45 60
70
Positive(+ve) Acceleration as v > u
60 60
50
Velocity (m/s)
45
40
30 30
20 20
10
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second)
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a= -ve variable)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 65 40 30 25 10
70
65
60
Negative(-ve) Acceleration as v < u
50
Velocity (m/s)
40 40
30 30
25
20
10 10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second)
u= initial velocity= 80 km/h = 22.2 m/s
v= final velocity = 60 km/h = 16.7 m/s
t= time = 5 s
a= acceleration = ?
a=v-u/t
a= 16.7-22.2/5
a= -5.5/5
a = -1.1 m/s2
u= 0 m/s
v= 40 km/h = 11.11 m/s = 11.1 m/s
t= 10 minutes = 600 seconds
then a = ?
a=v-u/t
a= 11.1-0/600
a= 11.1/600 = 111/6000
a = 0.0185 m/s2
https://www.mathsisfun.com/measure/metric-acceleration.html
Dist., Disp., Speed, Velocity Dependent
Time (t) Independent
Distance-Time Graph (Uniform Motion)
Time 0 60 120 180 240 300
Distance 0 10 20 30 40 50
60
50 50
40
Distance (metre)
40
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (second)
Distance-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion)
Time(s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Distance(m) 0 1 4 9 16 25 36
40
35 36
30
Distance (metre)
25 25
20
15 16
10 9
5 4
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (second)
Distance-Time Graph (For Stationary Object)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20 25
Distance(m) 40 40 40 40 40 40
45
40 40 40 40 40
40
35
30
distance (m)
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (second)
Distance-Time graph
O The slope of this graph represents the speed. If the
slope is more, the speed is more and if the slope is
less, the speed is also less.
O The graph is linear inclined for uniform motion.
O The graph is parallel to time axis for a stationary
object.
O The graph is typical parabola for non-uniform
motion.
O The graph is parallel to distance axis for infinite
speed.
Speed-Time Graph (Uniform Motion)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20 25
speed(m/s) 40 40 40 40 40 40
45
40 40 40 40 40
40
35
30
speed (m/s)
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (second)
Speed-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20 25
speed(m/s) 0 20 18 12 40 0
45
40 40
35
30
speed((m/s)
25
20
20 18
15
12
10
5
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (second)
Speed-Time graph
O The slope of this graph represents an acceleration. If
the slope raise right side , there will be an
acceleration and if the slope fall right side, there
will be a retardation.
O The area covered by the graph represents a distance.
O The graph is linear inclined for uniform
acceleration.
O The graph is parallel to time axis for uniform
motion.
O The graph is irregular for non-uniform motion.
O The graph is parallel to speed axis for infinite
acceleration.
Velocity-Time Graph(Uniform Motion with a=0 m/s 2)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 60 60 60 60 60
70
60 60 60 60 60
60
50
Velocity (m/s)
40 40
30 30
Uniform (Constant) Acceleration
20 20 as velocity increases at uniform
10 rate.
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second)
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a=-ve constant)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 60 50 40 30 20
70
60 60 Uniform (Constant) Acceleration as
velocity decreases at uniform rate.
50 50
Velocity (m/s)
40 40
30 30
20 20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second)
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a= +ve variable)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 0 20 30 45 60
70
60 Positive(+ve) Acceleration as v > u 60
50
Velocity (m/s)
45
40
30 30
20 20
10
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second)
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a= -ve variable)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 65 40 30 25 10
70
65
60
50 Negative(-ve) Acceleration as v < u
Velocity (m/s)
40 40
30 30
25
20
10 10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second)
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion with a=0,a>0,a<0)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Velocity(m/s) 0 20 36 10 25 25 0
40
35 36
30
a< 0 a=0
a>0
Velocity (m/s)
25
25 25
20 20
a< 0
15
10 a>0 10
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (second)
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion with a>0 & a<0)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20 25
Velocity(m/s) 0 20 18 12 40 -40
50
Velocity (m/s)
40 40
a>0
30
20 18 a<0
20 a>0
10 a<0 12
a<0 Time (second)
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-10
Velocity (m/s)
-20
-30
-40 -40
-50
Velocity-Time graph
O The slope of this graph represents an acceleration. If the
slope raise right side , there will be an acceleration and if
the slope fall right side, there will be a retardation.
O If the slope raise right side negatively , there will be an –ve
acceleration and if the slope fall right side negatively, there
will be a -ve retardation.
O The area covered by the graph represents a displacement
/distance.
O The graph is linear inclined for uniform acceleration.
O The graph is parallel to time axis for uniform motion.
O The graph is irregular for non-uniform motion.
O The graph is parallel to speed axis for infinite acceleration.
Thank You!