Calculations Involving Formulae

CALCULATIONS
INVOLVING FORMULAE
CALCULATIONS INVOLVING FORMULAE
CONTENTS
• Working out simple formulae
• Relative formula mass
• Percentage composition
• Reacting masses
• Yield and percentage yield
HOPTON
TABLE OF IONS
hydrogen H+ chloride Cl¯

sodium Na+ bromide Br¯
potassium K+ iodide I¯
lithium Li+ hydroxide OH¯
rubidium Rb+ nitrate NO3¯
caesium Cs+ nitrite NO2¯
silver(I) Ag+ hydrogencarbonate HCO3¯
ammonium NH4+ hydrogensulphate HSO4¯
calcium Ca2+ sulphate SO42-

barium Ba2+ sulphite SO32-
magnesium Mg2+ sulphide S2-
zinc Zn2+ oxide O2-
iron(II) “ferrous” Fe2+ carbonate CO32-
copper(II) Cu2+
aluminium Al3+ Formulae can be worked out by

iron(III) “ferric” Fe3+ balancing the charges so that…
negative charge = positive charge
HOPTON
Chemical Formulas
• A chemical formula consists of

– element symbols with
– numerical subscripts.
• The chemical formula indicates the
– type and number of each atom present
– in the smallest unit of a substance.
Assigning Oxidation Numbers
1. Elements in their elemental form have an

oxidation number of 0.
2. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion
is the same as its charge.
3. Nonmetals tend to have negative

oxidation numbers, although some are
positive in certain compounds or ions.
– Oxygen has an oxidation number of −2,
except in the peroxide ion in which it has an
oxidation number of −1.
– Hydrogen is −1 when bonded to a metal, +1
when bonded to a nonmetal.
3. Nonmetals tend to have negative oxidation

numbers, although some are positive in
certain compounds or ions.
– Fluorine always has an oxidation number of −1.
– The other halogens have an oxidation number of
−1 when they are negative; they can have
positive oxidation numbers, however, most
notably in oxyanions.
4. The sum of the oxidation numbers in a

neutral compound is 0.
5. The sum of the oxidation numbers in a
polyatomic ion is the charge on the ion.
RELATIVE FORMULA MASS
HOPTON
The relative formula mass is the sum of the relative atomic masses of
ALL the atoms present in the formula
HOPTON
To calculate this value, it is important that one understands how

to work out the number of each type of atom present.
HOPTON

A small subscript number tells you how many there of the atom
just before the subscript
HOPTON

H2O 2 hydrogen atoms

1 oxygen atom (a 1 after the O is unnecessary)
HOPTON

H2O 2 hydrogen atoms

1 oxygen atom (a 1 after the O is unnecessary)
Ca(OH)2 1 calcium atom

2 lots of everything in the bracket
ie 2 oxygen atoms and 2 hydrogen atoms
(groups of atoms occurring in brackets include… SO 4 NO3 NH4 OH)

HOPTON
HOW MANY ATOMS OF EACH TYPE ARE IN THE FOLLOWING?
a) H2O 2xH 1xO

b) NaOH 1 x Na 1 x O 1xH
c) (NH4)2SO4 2xN 4xO 8xH 1xS
d) Ca(OH)2 1 x Ca 2 x O 2xH
e) H2SO4 2xH 4xO 1xS
f) CuSO4.5H2O 1 x Cu 10 x H 9 x O 1xS
HOPTON
a) H2O 2xH 1xO

HOPTON
a) H2O 2xH 1xO

A NUMBER IN THE FRONT OF A FORMULA

MULTIPLIES EVERYTHING IN THAT FORMULA
HOPTON
a) H2O 2xH 1xO


g) 2 NaOH 2 x Na 2 x O 2xH
h) 3 Ca(OH)2 3 x Ca 6 x O 6xH
i) 2 Na2HPO4 4 HOPTON
x Na 8 x O 2xH 2xP
a) H2O 2xH 1xO


g) 2 NaOH 2 x Na 2 x O 2xH
h) 3 Ca(OH)2 3 x Ca 6 x O 6xH
i) 2 Na2HPO4 4 HOPTON
x Na 8 x O 2xH 2xP
HOPTON
HOPTON
Water H2O
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
Water H2O H + H + O
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
Water H2O H + H + O
1 + 1 + 16 = 18
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
Water H 2O H + H + O
1 + 1 + 16 = 18
Copper CuSO4
sulphate
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
1 + 1 + 16 = 18
Copper CuSO4 Cu + S + 4xO

sulphate
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
1 + 1 + 16 = 18

sulphate 64 + 32 + 4 x 16
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
1 + 1 + 16 = 18

sulphate 64 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 160
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
1 + 1 + 16 = 18

sulphate 64 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 160
TAKE CARE WHEN THERE ARE BRACKETS
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
1 + 1 + 16 = 18

sulphate 64 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 160

Calcium Ca(OH)2
hydroxide
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
1 + 1 + 16 = 18

sulphate 64 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 160

Calcium Ca(OH)2 Ca + 2 lots of OH
hydroxide
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
1 + 1 + 16 = 18

sulphate 64 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 160

hydroxide Ca + O +H + O + H
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
1 + 1 + 16 = 18

sulphate 64 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 160

40 16 + 1 + 16 + 1
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
1 + 1 + 16 = 18

sulphate 64 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 160

40 16 + 1 + 16 + 1 = 74
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
Use the list of relative atomic masses to calculate the relative formula
mass of the following compounds
H2 O2 H2O
NaOH CH4 C5H12
NaCl H2SO4 Na2SO4
CaCl2 CaCO3 NH4NO3
CuSO4 Al2O3 Ca(OH)2
Al2(SO4)3
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;
S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
Use the list of relative atomic masses to calculate the relative formula
mass of the following compounds
H2 2 O2 32 H2O 18
NaOH 40 CH4 16 C5H12 72

36.5 98 142
NaCl H2SO4 Na2SO4
111 100 80
CaCl2 160 CaCO3 102 NH4NO3 74
CuSO4 342 Al2O3 Ca(OH)2
Al2(SO4)3
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;
S = 32; Cl = 35.5; K = 39; HOPTON
Ca = 40; Fe = 56; Cu = 64
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
HOPTON
It can be quite useful to know how much of an element is present in a
compound.
This is not how many atoms there are BUT what mass is present.
This has some relevance when considering how much metal is in a

particular ore.
HOPTON
Metal ores do not just contain a metal, there are other elements present.
eg Fe2O3, TiO2, ZnS.
HOPTON
To calculate the PERCENTAGE BY MASS of a metal in an ore;
HOPTON
1 Calculate the formula mass (Fe2O3) 56 + 56 + 16 + 16 + 16 = 160
HOPTON
2 Calculate how much of this is Fe 56 + 56 = 112
HOPTON
3 Calculate the fraction that is Fe 112

160
HOPTON

160
4 Calculate the percentage that is Fe 112 x 100 =

160
HOPTON

160
4 Calculate the percentage that is Fe 112 x 100 = 70.0%

160
HOPTON

160
4 Calculate the percentage that is Fe 112 x 100 = 70.0%

160
Calculate the percentage of each metal in… Al2O3 TiO2 CuFeS2

ZnS NaCl
HOPTON
REACTING MASSES
HOPTON
REACTING MASSES
The masses of all the atoms at the end of a reaction (THE PRODUCTS)
must equal the masses of all the atoms at the start of the reaction
(THE REACTANTS).
HOPTON
REACTING MASSES
(THE REACTANTS).
copper + sulphuric acid  copper + water

oxide sulphate
Write out a word equation.
HOPTON
REACTING MASSES
(THE REACTANTS).

oxide sulphate
CuO + H2SO4  CuSO4 + H2 O
Write out a proper equation showing the correct formulae.
HOPTON
REACTING MASSES
(THE REACTANTS).

oxide sulphate
64 + 16 (1x1) + 32 + (4x16) 64 + 32 + (4x16) (2x1) + 16
Look up the atomic masses in a table and work out the

formula mass of each chemical in the equation.
HOPTON
REACTING MASSES
(THE REACTANTS).

oxide sulphate
64 + 16 (1x1) + 32 + (4x16) 64 + 32 + (4x16) (2x1) + 16
80 98 160 18
Look up the atomic masses in a table and work out the

formula mass of each chemical in the equation.
HOPTON
REACTING MASSES
(THE REACTANTS).

oxide sulphate
64 + 16 (1x1) + 32 + (4x16) 64 + 32 + (4x16) (2x1) + 16
80 98 160 18
178 178
This shows that the masses after the reaction

are the same as the masses before.
HOPTON
YIELD AND PERCENTAGE YIELD
HOPTON
YIELD How much of a chemical you get

from a reaction.
PERCENTAGE How much of a chemical you get

YIELD COMPARED WITH how much you
should get. (assuming 100% conversion)
HOPTON

from a reaction.

should get.
Example CuO + H2SO4  CuSO4 + H 2O

80 98 160 18
HOPTON

from a reaction.

should get.
Example CuO + H2SO4  CuSO4 + H2O

80 98 160 18
If you start with 80g of copper oxide, you can
get a maximum of 160g of copper sulphate.
HOPTON

from a reaction.

should get.

80 98 160 18
Q. What is the maximum yield of copper sulphate if you

start with a) 20g of copper oxide
b) 400g of copper oxide
HOPTON

from a reaction.

should get.

80 98 160 18

start with a) 20g of copper oxide Ans. 40g
b) 400g of copper oxide
HOPTON

from a reaction.

should get.

80 98 160 18

start with a) 20g of copper oxide Ans. 40g
b) 400g of copper oxide Ans. 800g
HOPTON

from a reaction.

should get.

80 98 160 18
Q. If you start with 80g of copper oxide and only get 120g of
copper sulphate, what is the percentage yield?
HOPTON

from a reaction.

should get.

80 98 160 18
80g should give a maximum of 160g.
HOPTON

from a reaction.

should get.

80 98 160 18
80g should give a maximum of 160g. However only 120g
are produced.
HOPTON

from a reaction.

should get.

80 98 160 18
are produced. The fraction produced is 120/160 = ¾ (0.75).
HOPTON

from a reaction.

should get.

80 98 160 18
Multiply by 100 to get the percentage.
HOPTON

from a reaction.

should get.

80 98 160 18
Multiply by 100 to get the percentage. ANS 75% yield
HOPTON

Calculations Involving Formulae

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CALCULATIONS

hydrogen H+ chloride Cl¯

calcium Ca2+ sulphate SO42-

aluminium Al3+ Formulae can be worked out by

• A chemical formula consists of

1. Elements in their elemental form have an

3. Nonmetals tend to have negative

3. Nonmetals tend to have negative oxidation

4. The sum of the oxidation numbers in a

To calculate this value, it is important that one understands how

To calculate this value, it is important that one understands how

To calculate this value, it is important that one understands how

H2O 2 hydrogen atoms

To calculate this value, it is important that one understands how

H2O 2 hydrogen atoms

Ca(OH)2 1 calcium atom

(groups of atoms occurring in brackets include… SO 4 NO3 NH4 OH)

a) H2O 2xH 1xO

a) H2O 2xH 1xO

a) H2O 2xH 1xO

A NUMBER IN THE FRONT OF A FORMULA

a) H2O 2xH 1xO

A NUMBER IN THE FRONT OF A FORMULA

a) H2O 2xH 1xO

A NUMBER IN THE FRONT OF A FORMULA

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

Copper CuSO4 Cu + S + 4xO

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

Copper CuSO4 Cu + S + 4xO

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

Copper CuSO4 Cu + S + 4xO

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

Copper CuSO4 Cu + S + 4xO

TAKE CARE WHEN THERE ARE BRACKETS

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

Copper CuSO4 Cu + S + 4xO

TAKE CARE WHEN THERE ARE BRACKETS

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

Copper CuSO4 Cu + S + 4xO

TAKE CARE WHEN THERE ARE BRACKETS

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

Copper CuSO4 Cu + S + 4xO

TAKE CARE WHEN THERE ARE BRACKETS

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

Copper CuSO4 Cu + S + 4xO

TAKE CARE WHEN THERE ARE BRACKETS

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

Copper CuSO4 Cu + S + 4xO

TAKE CARE WHEN THERE ARE BRACKETS

H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27;

NaOH CH4 C5H12

NaCl H2SO4 Na2SO4

CaCl2 CaCO3 NH4NO3

CuSO4 Al2O3 Ca(OH)2

NaOH 40 CH4 16 C5H12 72

This has some relevance when considering how much metal is in a

To calculate the PERCENTAGE BY MASS of a metal in an ore;

To calculate the PERCENTAGE BY MASS of a metal in an ore;

1 Calculate the formula mass (Fe2O3) 56 + 56 + 16 + 16 + 16 = 160