Formation Evaluation Lab.

Calculate Net Pay Thickness By

Using IP Software
Group (2)
1.Falah salah
2. Krrar mhommed Supervised by
Eng. Jassim Mohammed
3.Mohammed jassim
Eng. Mohammed Abdullah
4.Abbas fadhel
5.Ghaith Abdulreda Date:
6.Mahmoud Qasim 10/6/2020
 OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Net Pay
• The Difference Between Net Thickness And Gross Thickness
• Cut off
• Calculate Cut off
• Type Cutoff
Porosity Cutoff
Saturation Cutoff
Shale Volume Cutoff
Permeability Cutoff
• References
 INTRODUCTION
• Net Pay is a key parameter in reservoir evaluation, because it identifies those penetrated
geological sections that have sufficient reservoir quality and interstitial hydrocarbon volume to
function as significant producing intervals. It contributes to the estimation of a meaningful in-
place volume against which recovery efficiency can be usefully assessed. Thus, Net Pay is
central to the "static volumetric?? method of estimating ultimate recovery.
• The height (h) is often referred to as net pay. The term net pay is sometimes used in different
ways and this can lead to confusion. Sometimes a press release on a newly drilled well touts
hundreds of feet of net pay prior to any petro physical work or thorough degree of drill stem
testing or production data. Sometimes the term net pay is used interchangeably with net
reservoir or even gross thickness when the terms are distinct. Typical industry conventions
define net pay as thickness of producible rock. Producible means that the specific rock interval
will flow oil and gas economically. To define net pay mathematically, we use criteria such as
oil or gas saturation, porosity, and permeability. Well log data are analyzed and related to
production and core data. Then log data “cutoffs” (numerical criteria for various logs) are
established which relate to producible rock. By depth through the wellbores, rock is considered
to be either pay or non-pay over each pre-defined interval (usually one foot or half foot). The
zones of pay are summed for total net pay thickness per wellbore and maps are created to
determine spatially an appropriate net pay for the producing area (A).
• Total hydrocarbon resource may sometimes be calculated without respect to
producibility. This should be defined as “gross” or “total” resource and it should be
highlighted that much of the resource is not considered moveable with current
technology or economic constraints. Moreover, much of the resource in the gross
interval may not be specifically targeted in the wellbore design. For instance, it may
be behind pipe, or separated by a farce barrier, or not accessed by a horizontal well
per proximity. Gross resource is a useful calculation because it helps identify upside
potential: what could possibly be targeted with additional completions or enhanced
technology. Nonetheless, gross resource should not be construed as reserves, and
gross thickness should not be construed as net pay.
 Net Pay
• A reservoir or portion of a reservoir that contains
economically producible hydrocarbons. The term
derives from the fact that it is capable of
"paying" an income. Pay is also called pay sand
or pay zone. The overall interval in which pay
sections occur is the gross pay; the smaller
portions of the gross pay that meet local criteria
for pay (such as minimum porosity, permeability
and hydrocarbon saturation are net pay.
• A pay zone is a reservoir or part of a reservoir
that contains hydrocarbons that can be extracted
economically.
•   the goal of the net-pay calculations is to
eliminate nonproductive rock intervals and, from
these calculations at the various wellbores,
provide a solid basis for a quality 3D reservoir
description and quantitative hydrocarbons-in-
place and flow calculations
 The Difference Between Net Thickness And Gross Thickness

• Net pay (net productive) thickness: It is the thickness of those intervals in which porosity
and permeability are known or supposed to be high enough for the interval to be able to
produce oil or gas, water and gas is not included to the net pay thickness.
• Gross thickness: (also referred to reservoir thickness) It is the thickness of the strati
graphically defined interval in which the reservoir beds occur, including such non-
productive intervals as may be interbedded between the productive intervals. In other
words, it’s the thickness of the whole reservoir.
 Cut-off
• The cut-off is a threshold value applied to specific reservoir parameters, in order to split
the formation into pay and non-pay sections. The implications of a proper selection of
the type and value of the cut-off are important, in terms for example of volumetric
estimates of the Oil in Place. The main issue in discussing the choice of a particular cut-
off is the understanding of its dynamic nature. This simple and rather obvious point is
often neglected, as geologists tend to choose the cut-off values only on the basis of the
lithological and petrophysical properties of the reservoir rock. To explain the dynamic
nature of cut-off, let us consider the most typi- cal approach to a cut-off selection, i.e.,
the core permeability/porosity cross-plots of the shown in Fig. at the bottom The usual
approach to Net/Gross determination is the selection of a base permeability value (1 mD
in this example) and the use of a regression function to derive the correspond-
Cut-off
 PLOT Method
• From a general point of view, the knowledge of the lithological type, the reservoir fluids and
the producing mechanisms will allow for the determination of the likely range of the cut-off
value. Other data like well testing results, WFT mobility and NMR free-fluid index profiles
sometimes yield valuable additional information. In the case of old fields, it is often
interesting to verify the different cut-off values adopted in previous studies and take advan-
tage of the huge production information available. In some cases, for example, historical
resistivity cut-off based on field experience prove to be very robust. Once the base cut-off
value has been defined, whether it be permeability, saturation, resistivity or any other
variable, the determination of the values of the other petrophysical variables is normally
straightforward. Typically, once a base permeability value is chosen, then porosity can be
derived from a core permeability/porosity cross-plot, while the volume shale can be found
in the relevant Porosity/Vshale cross-plot. The same holds for water saturation. This
procedure normally allows for the selection of a consistent set of petrophys- ical cut-offs.
PLOT Method
 Porosity cut-off

The porosity cut-off is used to discriminate between porous & permeable and
tight sand intervals in the gross sand interval, equivalent to the porosity
corresponding to the minimum permeability allows oil and gas flow. Multi-
well cross-plot of conventional core porosity-permeability data with gamma-
ray log plot (Figure) was used to define the porosity cut-off.

Figure at the bottom shows the porosity-permeability crossplot and gamma

ray log used for determination of porosity cut-off, it can be seen from this
figure porosity of 10% (corresponding to permeability of 1×10 － 3 μm2) can
be taken as the cut-off points for reservoir and non-reservoir.
Porosity cut-off
 Water saturation cut-off
Water saturation cut-off is used to discriminate between net pay and non-pay
(water wet) intervals in the porous interval, which can be determined according
to effective water saturation-effective porosity crossplot and gamma ray log.

Figure at the bottom shows an example. Intervals that have water saturation
greater than 70 percent are assumed to be wet or non-productive intervals,
while intervals with water saturation of less than 70% are pay zones.
Water saturation cut-off
 Cut-off of shale content
Shale content cut-off is used to tell sand from shale and allows the identification
of total sand intervals, Which can be determined according to shale content-
effective porosity relationship of a number of wells and Gamma ray log.

Figure at the bottom shows the shale content-porosity crossplot and Gamma ray
log used for determination of shale content cut-off. The plot shows the volume
of shale cut-off (Vshc) value for reservoir and non-reservoir rock determined is
0.5, meaning that rocks with more than 50 percent of shale are regarded as non-
reservoir rock, while rocks with equal to or less than 50 percent of shale are
regarded as reservoirs.
Cut-off of shale content
 Permeability Cutoff

For oil reservoirs, any permeability cutoff will be significantly higher than that for a gas reservoir, generally by
a factor of 10 or 100 or more. A second aspect of oil reservoirs is that typically, only 10 to 20% of the OOIP will
be produced by pressure-depletion drive (without assistance from gravity drainage) in which the pressure
differential will affect all portions of the reservoir. However, during waterflooding, overall oil/water
displacement efficiency will depend, in part, on how much of this displacement process occurs in poorer-quality
oil-bearing rock intervals. Hence, the choice of oil-reservoir permeability cutoff needs to account for the
oil/water relative permeability effects. Interwell injector/producer connectivity (or "floodability") is not a topic
of this chapter. Connectivity will affect recovery but is considered a separate issue apart from individual-
wellbore calculations of net pay.

Any permeability cutoff cannot be directly applied to foot-by-foot log calculations of net pay because there is no
log that quantitatively measures permeability. A permeability cutoff typically is converted to a porosity cutoff
and is subsequently applied to the logs through:
• Log porosity
• Bulk density
• GR
• Vsh cutoffs
 Petrophysical cutoff definition based on reservoir
parameters
• Routinely used set of cutoffs include:
Porosity & permeability & saturation & volume of shale

• Cutoffs of reservoir refers to limiting values of porosity and permeability in

reservoirs that allow liquid to flow and accumulate, at same time,
accumulated liquids (hydrocarbon or mixture of water and hydrocarbon) can
be produced economically using contemporary technology. Under current
techno-economic conditions, production is determined by permeability,
pressure differential of petroleum production, reservoir thickness and
formation fluid properties.
 Cutoff porosity and net formation thickness

In producing petroleum reservoirs, a lower limit of porosity (and permeability) exists below which oil
production is not economically significant. The reasons are that the volume of oil contained in low
porosity rock is limited, and the rock is not conducive to flow due to relatively low permeability that
is generally associated with low porosity. The limiting value is known as cutoff porosity.
Typical porosity cutoff points are found to be around 5% in conventional oil reservoirs. Hence, only
the portion of the geologic formation showing greater porosity is considered in reservoir performance
predictions. An implicit fact is that the geologic intervals with higher porosity have better
permeability.

However, it must be mentioned that many tight and unconventional reservoirs have lower porosity
and are often produced through a network of natural and induced fractures.
The concept of cutoff porosity leads to the introduction of net thickness as opposed to gross thickness
of a geologic formation in estimating oil and gas reserves. Net thickness represents the portion of the
hydrocarbon-bearing formation that can be produced by conventional means where porosity is
relatively high. Typical values of the net to gross thickness ratio are in the range of 0.65–0.85
 Cutoffs and Summation Input Curves
Specify:
 Cut-off names
 Short names
 Interpreted curves to use
 For each cut-off specify its type or
logic.
 Specify the type of averaging to be
used.
 TVD or TVT outputs can be
selected by checking the
appropriate box and specifying the
required depth curve.
 Note that additional curves can be
selected for averaging without
being used as cut-offs.
 Cutoff and Summation Deport set-up-Default Cut-offs
Define Reports Required:
 Reservoir
 Pay
Specify the cut-off values to be used
for each cut-off curve.
Specify which cut-offs are to be
used for each report using
Can load formation tops to be used
in averaging via Load/Save
Parameter Sets
 Cutoffs and Summation Output Curves

Specify output set:

Specify Reservoir and Pay flags.

Specify names for curves to be

cumulative in the summaries
 Cutoffs and Summation Run

Select Run
• Select Yes to initiate Cutoff plot.
Cut-offs can be adjusted:
• Changed using sliders.
• Enabled or disabled in individual zones
by right clicking in a track and
selecting.
Zones can be adjusted:
Click and drag boundaries in zone track.

Zones can be deleted if required.

Cut offs and Summation Parameter
 Cutoffs and Summation Parameter

 Zone Depths
• Displays Zone names and depths

Reservoir & Pay Cutoffs:

• Displays cutoff curves and values.
• Cutoffs can be selected or adjusted
by zone
Reservoir result  Print  File
LAS FILE
 References

https://petrowiki.org/Net_pay_determination

Reservoir Engineering/1st Edition/The Fundamentals, Simulation, and

Management of Conventional and Unconventional Recoveries
Schlumberger Limited. Log interpretation principles/applications. New York:
Schlumberger Educational Services, 1991.
Asquith G. Basic well log analysis for geologists. Tulsa:
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1982.