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Maximizing Recycling

 Resource footprint and pollution footprint

 Poor durability low recycling potential

 Holand (case)
 80% demolition recycled to new construction
 Contracts specification on What and How

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Levels of recycling

 Re – use

 Recycle

 Energy Recovery

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 Designing for Salavagability
 Separate Layers

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Designing for Salavagability  Possibility of disassambly within layers

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Designing for Salavagability  Use of standardized Monomaterial components

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Energy Resource
 Embodied Energy of Building Materials
 85% - 95% of total energy

 5% - 15% for site transport and operational

process

 Direct energy for extraction and production

 Secondary energy for manufacturing process

 Energy for transport

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Reduction of energy
consumption
 Decentralized production
 Highly efficient sources
 Local source of energy
 Energy efficient production technology
 Low energy products
 Natural drying out of building

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Reduction of pollution

 Reduce products
 Large green house gas emission

 Harmful gas and dust emission

 Organic material in moist

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Physics of building materials

 Weight
 Compressive strength
 Tensile strength
 Thermal conductivity
 Thermal capacity
 Air permeability
 Vapour permeability
 Moisture regulating quality
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Masonry
 Stone
 Brick
 IS1077 – 1997 Common burnt clay building brick – specification

 IS2117 – 1991 Guide for Manufacture of Hand-made common

burnt clay building bricks

 IS3495 – 1992 (part 1 to 4) Testing of burnt Clay Bricks

 IS 3102 – 1971 Classification of Burnt clay Solid Bricks

 Is 3103 – 1971 Classification of Clay bricks

 Stiff Plastic Bricks

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Classification

 Class 1  10

 Class 2  7.5

 Class3  5

 3.5

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Test for Bricks

 Compressive strength
 Water absorption
 Efflorescence
 Nil , slight, moderate, heavy, serious, flaky
 Dimensional Tolerance
 3% and 8%
 Hardness
 Soundness

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Assignment

 Modes of failure of masonry

 Tunnel kiln cross section and working principle

 Classification of paint based on use, based on

form of protective coating and nature of
binder

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Masonry
 Stone
 Brick
 Block
 IS1725 – 1982 Specification of soil based blocks used in general
building construction

 IS 2185 – 1979 (part1) Specification of Concrete Masonry Unit-

Concrete hollow block and solid block

 IS2185 - 1984 (Part 2) Specification of Concrete Masonry Unit-

Hollow block and Solid light weight concrete block

 IS2185 - 1984 (Part 3) Specification of Concrete Masonry Unit-

Autoclaved Cellular Concrete Block

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Classification of concrete
block
 Hollow Concrete Block
 Grade A :
 Density > 15kN/m3
 28 day comp Strength: 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7 N/mm2

 Grade B :
 Density < 15kN/m3
 28 day comp Strength: 2, 3, 5 N/mm2

 Grade C :
 Density > 10kN/m3
 28 day comp Strength: 1.5N/mm2
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Classification of concrete
block
 Solid Concrete Block
 Grade A :
 Density > 18kN/m3
 28 day comp Strength: 4, 5 N/mm2

 Paver Blocks

 Autoclaved / aerated Blocks

 Grade C :
 Density > 10kN/m3
 28 day comp Strength: 7N/mm2

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Tests on Blocks

 Appearance
 Dimension
 Block density
 Compressive strength
 Water absorption
 Drying shrinkage
 Moisture movement

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Durability of masonry

 Deterioration
 Chemical or biological
 Corrosion
 Erosion
 Stress related
 Foundation movement, vibration, overloading
 Staining

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Durability of masonry

 Chemical attack
 Water & acid rain
 Carbonation
 Sulfate attack
 Efflorescence
 Erosion
 Frost
 abrasion

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Paints Distemper and Varnishes

 Oil paints and oil based paints

 Enamels

 Emulsions
 Plastic

 Distempers

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Paints Distemper and Varnishes

 Cement paints

 Primers

 Varnishes

 Decorative paints

 Industrial paints

 High-performance coatings

 Marine paints

 Powder coating
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Constituents of paint
 Base pigment
 Durability to painted surface
 Based on material
 Vehicle / binder
 Medium to facilitate spread
 Binder to surface
 Solvent
 Adjust the viscosity of paint
 Drier
 Accelerates the drying
 Pigment

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Classification of paints

 Nature of binder
 Oil paint
 Water based emulsions
 Way it dries to form coating
 Enamel
 Plastic emulsion
 Use
 Anti corrosive
 Decorative
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Pigment volume concentration
number
 PVCN
 Ratio of volume of base pigment to volume of non
volatile vehicle

 25 to 40 for metal paints

 35 to 40 for timber
 28 to 40 for exterior building surface
 35- 40 for semi gloss
 50 – 70 for faint paint

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Choice of paint

 Nature of surface
 Moisture in the material
 Alkalinity of surface
 Relative humidity of atmosphere
 Purpose of paint
 Cost of paint
 Colour

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Paints for buildings

 Cement paints
 White cement, coloring pigments, additives
 No smooth surface
 Applied on damp surface
 Other paints can be painted on this surface
 Less skill
 No action of alkalinity of walls
 Fungicidal wash before painting

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Plastic emulsion
 Binder is synthetic resin
 Emulsified in water
 Not used for metals
 Film development by conversion through cross linking
 Quick drying
 No odor
 On interior plastered walls
 Surface preparation in necessary
 One coat not more than 0.04mm
 ½ l of water per kg: first coat
 ¼ l of water per kg second coat

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Exterior paints

 Long lasting
 Withstand fungus and moss
 Acrylic based
 Maintenance before painting
 Bright colour likely to be faded.

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Distempers

 Water based with whiting

 Glue, resin and acrylic as binder

 Dry distemper
 Powder +hot water

 Oil bound distemper

 Drying oil mixes with water

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Paint primers
 Material based
 Neutralizes alkaline nature
 Fill minute pores

Varnishes
 Alcohol or turpentine based
 Transparent solution of resin with thinner /oil
 Transparent film by oxidation or
polymerization
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Varnishes

 Based on solvent
 Oil varnish: solvent based on amber, copal in
linseed
 Spirit varnishes: lac, Shellac
 Turpentine Varnish: rosin, mastic
 Water varnish: Shellac in hot water
 French polish
 Lacquer
 Copal varnish
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Industrial paints

 Aluminum paints

 Anti corrosive paints

 Synthetic rubber paint

 Epoxy paint

 Cellulose paint
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