1

Environmental Clearance for

Construction Projects
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

• An assessment of the impact of a planned activity on

the environment

• EIA is a planning tool used to predict and evaluate the

potentially significant impacts of proposed action and
provide a mitigation plan for minimizing adverse
impacts for making decision on the proposed
project/ program/policy

“EIA as national instrument,

• the proposed activities
• significant adverse impact on the environment
• decision of a competent national authority”
 EIA – A Tool for Sustainable
Development
• EIA - Tool for integrating objectives of environmental management
into decision making process.

• Environmental (Protection) Act 1986,

• formal EIA procedure prior to clearance for the projects likely to have
significant environmental impacts.

• “Statutory requirement” rather than an “Administrative

requirement”.
Why?
 Notification of MOEF, SO 801E-Dated:July 7th 2004
 Infrastructure for more than 1000

 Sewage discharge of 50kL/day

 Investment of more than 50Cr, INR

 Notification of MOEF, SO 1833E-Dated:27th January 2006

 Notification of MOEF, SO 1533E-Dated:14th September 2006

 New projects –Greenfield expansion or modernization

 Projects in Section 8 of Schedule

Need for clearance
 lack of clear guidelines for Risk Assessment and Social Impact Assessment

 Significantly alter the land use pattern, landscape and local habitation;

 Upstream development activity

 Manufacture, handling and use of hazardous chemicals

 Near ecologically sensitive areas, urban centers, hill resorts, places of scientific, historic and
religious importance.

 Industrial Estates cumulatively cause significant environmental damage.

 Those involving developmental activities in (CRZ –II)

Types of EIA
 Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA)

 Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA)

  Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA)

 Sectoral Environment Impact Assessment

  Regional Environmental Impact Assessment

SCHEDULE – 1 (1994)
 Nuclear Power and related projects such as heavy water
plants, nuclear fuel complex, rare earths.
 River Valley projects including hydel power, major irrigation
and their combination including flood control.
 Ports, Harbours, Airports (except minor ports and harbours).
 Petroleum Refineries including crude and product pipelines.
 Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrogenous and Phosphatic other than
single superphosphate)
 Pesticides (Technical )
SCHEDULE - 1 (1994)
 Petrochemical complexes (Both Olefinic and Aromatic) and Petro-
chemical intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactam, LAB etc. and
production of basic plastics such as LDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC.
 Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals
 Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and
storage.
  Synthetic Rubber
 Asbestos and Asbestos products
  Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives.
 Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of Iron and Steel, Aluminium,
Copper, Zinc, Lead and Ferro Alloys).
 Electric arc furnaces (Mini Steel Plants).
SCHEDULE - 1 (1994)
 Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of Iron and Steel,
Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, Lead and Ferro Alloys).
 Electric arc furnaces (Mini Steel Plants).
 Chlor - alkali industry
  Integrated paint complex including manufacture of resins and basic raw
materials required in the manufacture of paints.
 Viscose Staple fiber and filament yarn.
 Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead and lead
antimony alloy
 All tourism projects between 200 - 500 meters of High Tide Line or at
locations with an elevation of more than 1000 meters with investment of
more than Rs.5Crores.
SCHEDULE - 1 (1994)
 Thermal Power plants.
  Mining projects (major minerals) with leases more than 5 hectares.
 Highway Projects
 Tarred Roads in Himalayas and/or Forest areas
 Distilleries
 Raw Skins and Hides.
 Pulp, paper and newsprint
 Dyes
 Cement
 Foundries (individual)
 Electroplating
 Meta Amino Phenol
 Category A: Clearance from MOEF based on
EAC

 Category B:Clearance from State EIA A

based on SEAC
Project or Activity Category With Threshold Category With Threshold Condition, if any
Limit Limit

A B
7 (f) Highways i) New National Highways; (i) All New State General Conditions shall apply, any
and ii) Expansion of Highways Project; project or activity specified in category
National Highways greater and “B” will be treated as Category A, if
than 30km involving (ii) State Highway located in whole or in part within 10km
additional right of way expansion project in Hilly from the boundary of:
greater than 20m involving Terrain (above 1,000 m i) Protected Areas notified under the
land acquisition and AMSL) and or Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
passing through more than ecologically sensitive ii) Critically Polluted areas as identified
one State. areas by the Central Pollution Control Board
from time to time,
iii) Notified Eco- sensitive areas by MoEF
iv) inter-state boundaries and
international boundaries
Note: Highways include expressways.
Schedule (2006)
Project/Activity Category with threshold Condition
limit

Buildings/Construction
8 Projects/Area Category A Category B
development and
Township

>20000 sqm Built up area for the

and covered construction;.
8-a Building and <1,50,000sq In case of area open to
construction projects
m built up sky it will be activity
area area

Covering an
area >50ha
8-b Township and area
development projects
or built up
area
Appraised under
category B1
>1,50,000sq
m
THE ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE
NOTIFICATION (2006)

 No construction work prior to clearance

 Half yearly reports by project authorities to EIAA

 Compliance reports publicly available

Procedure

 Application for Prior Environmental clearance

 Form 1
 Form 1 A
▪ identification of prospective site(s) for the project and/or
activities
▪ before commencing any construction activity, or
preparation of land, at the site
▪ Copy of pre-feasibility project report except that, in case
of construction projects or activities
▪ Conceptual plan instead of the pre-feasibility report.
Form – 1 (Application for the Project
Consideration)
 Contents
 Size of the Project (Capacity)
 Expected cost of the Project
 Activities involved in the Project
 Demolition work
 Dredging
 New road, rail or sea traffic during construction or operation
 Use of natural resources
 Production of solid waste
 Release of pollutants, toxic or noxious substances to air
 Effluent generation
 Generation of noise and vibration
BASELINE DATA
• Primary Data ( Actual On-Field Collection) and/or

• Secondary Data (From Reliable/Authentic Sources )

• Air Quality (Along with Meteorological Parameters)

• Noise

• Water Environment ( Ground & Surface)

• Quality & Quantity Assessment

• Flora & Fauna

• Socio-Economic
Environment Management Plan (EMP)

• Avoid adverse impacts as far as possible by use of

preventative measures (Impact Avoidance)
• Minimize or reduce adverse impacts to ‘as low as practicable’
levels (Impact Minimization)
• Remedy or compensate for adverse residual impacts which
are unavoidable and cannot be reduced further (Impact
Compensation)
Environment Management Plan
• Phase 1
• Pre-Construction /Design Stage/Phase
• Construction Phase (Including Site Clearing Operations)
• Operation

• Environmental Issues may vary in New Project (Greenfield) as

compared to up-gradation/widening road/highway project
(depending on project & environmental setting)

• EMP may also accordingly vary

Criterial in EMP
• Applicable Environmental Laws
• Ways & means to ensure compliance of Environmental Laws
/Rules/Regulations
• Identification/Delegation of the responsibilities to ensure
compliance
• Special emphasis on
• Availability of raw materials
• Tree cutting
• Construction of bye-passes (effect due to acquisition of prime agricultural land

• Compliance of various IRC Guidelines MoRTH Specifications to

be ensured
• Road safety considerations are integral part of EIA/EMP Report
• Detailed Environmental Monitoring Programme/Budget for
EMP has to be indicated in the EMP
 Who does it?
SUMMARY OF EC PROCESS
(MOEF Notification 14th Sept 2006)

Submission of application (Form 1, prelim reports) Investor

Stage 1: Screening; Decide project A, B1 or B2

Expert
60 Committee
days Stage 2: Scoping; Come up with Terms of Reference (TOR)

Prepare preliminary EIA report Investor

45 days State Pollution Control

Stage 3: Public consultation (2 components)
Board
Update EIA report (Investor)

60 days Stage 4: Appraisal Expert Committee

15 days
30 days Final Decision Regulatory Authority
 Environment Sitting Rules
 Prohibition for setting up of certain
industries(Annexure I)
 Within any municipal areas

 25 km belt around cities having population more than 1 million

 7 km around periphery of the wetlands (Annexure II)

 0.5 km wide strip on both sides of highways & rail lines

Environment Siting Rules
 Establishment of new units with certain
conditions
 Allowed in 7 km to 25 km zone around wetlands only
after careful assessment of adverse ecological &
environmental impacts

 New units(Annexure III) not allowed within 7 km

periphery of the important archaeological
monuments(Annexure IV)
Objectives of EIA
 Second opportunity to the project proponent to rethink on:
 Alternate Production Process with less pollutant discharge.

 Cleaner production practices.

 Data Collection for project specific environmental parameters.

 Assessing the impacts on air, water, soil, biological components, natural

and man-made components of the Environment for Technological
alternatives wherever possible.

 Appropriate EMS in a long term approach for industrial sustainability.

Location of the project site
 Helps to evaluate the environmental feasibility
 quality of environment and prevailing carrying capacity of the region.

 Identify waste disposal routes

 appropriate technologies for meeting the statutory standards for
disposal of decontaminated waste.

 Topography and local climatology

 ground level concentration of pollutants and at times may totally
mislead the impact prediction process
Base line Environmental Quality

 Helps to ascertain the quality of air, water,

soil, flora, fauna, etc.,

 Indicates the carrying capacity of the region

 Identifies the flora and fauna at risk

 planning appropriate remediation /protective

measures to be considered at a later stage.
Prediction of Impacts on Biotic & Abiotic
components of the Environment
 Helps to quantify the type of pollutant and its load

 Helps to identify the synergistic consequences of the

pollutants
 natural and artificial resources of the Environment
 the damage classified as either manageable or critical.

 Helps to understand the advantage of an environmental

management system in terms of magnitude of impact
 with and without appropriate technologies
Advantages of EIA (Industry)

 More environmental sustainable design.

 Better compliance with statutory standards.

 Savings in capital and operating costs.

 Reduced time and costs for obtaining clearances.

 Avoid later plant adaptations.

 Reduced health cost.

 Increased project acceptance

Advantages of EIA (Industry)
 Specifies the type of pollutants, quantity and quality of pollutants.

 Enables to select appropriate technologies

 to combat pollution and to meet the statutory standards.

 Enables to understand the viability of resource

 salvaging from waste, recovery and recycle etc.,

 Scope for cleaner production practices

 A better Environmental Management Plan

 impacts of project specific pollutants on the environment.
Advantages of EIA (Public)
 Understand the details of project and its impacts on
environment.

 Enables public to visualize possible accidents,  

 Can understand the economic development as against the

natural resources depletion,

 Decide on project acceptance in their area well before project

execution
Procedure for EC

 Stage (1) Screening (Only for Category ‘B’

projects and activities)

 Stage (2) Scoping

 Stage (3) Public Consultation

 Stage (4) Appraisal

Procedure - Stage (1) Screening

 Scrutiny for further environmental study

requirement
 Categorized based on MOEF Guidelines

 B1: EIA report Required

 B2 No EIA required

 Exemption for 8(b)

 Schedule (2006)
Project/Activity Category with threshold Condition
limit
Buildings/Construction
8 Projects/Area Category A Category B
development and
Township
Built up area for the
>20000 sqm
covered construction;.
8-a Building and and In case of area open to
construction projects <1,50,000sqm
built up area sky it will be activity
area

Covering an
8-b Township and area area >50ha or Appraised under
development projects built up area category B1
>1,50,000sqm
Procedure - Stage (2) Scoping

 Process to determine detailed and comprehensive Terms of Reference (TOR)

addressing all relevant report

 Category A and B1

 Need
 Scrutiny of site, project and technology alternatives at an early stage of the project life cycle

 Environmental information used for decision making provides a comprehensive issues of

particular concern to affected groups.

 Focus resources on the important issues for decision-making

 Ensure that the environmental information provides a balanced view

 Stimulate early consultation between the project proponent and the regulatory authority
Procedure - Stage (2) Scoping

 Help effective planning, management and resourcing of the

environmental studies

 Identify alternatives to the proposed project

 Identify other legislation or regulatory controls

▪ necessary assessment work undertaken in parallel
▪ duplication of effort and costs

 Reduce the risk of delays caused by requests for further

information after submission of the EIA report for appraisal.
Procedure - Stage (3) Public Consultation

 All projects of B1 and A

 Exemption
 Modernization of irrigation projects (item 1(c) (ii) of the schedule).

 Projects or activities located within industrial estates

 Expansion of roads and highways without further acquisition of land.

 Building /construction projects/area development projects and townships (item 8).

 Category ‘B2’ projects and activities.

 Projects or activities concerning national defense and security or involving other

strategic considerations as determined by the central government
Public consultation

 Public hearing at the site or in its close

proximity

 Obtain responses in writing from other

concerned persons having a plausible stake in
the environmental aspects of the project
PROJECT AFFECTED
PERSONS
Public consultation

 request to member secretary of PCB

 EIA (10 Copies) to be publicized

 Forwarded to MOEF
 District Magistrate
 Zilla parishad/ municipal corporation
 District industries office
 Regional office of MOEF
Public consultation
 Notice regarding date and time within 7 days from the date of
request

 30 days notice period

 Panel

 Videography

 Attendance

 Provision for information & clarification

 Complete in 45 days
THE EIA PROCEDURE
EIA?
 Systematic process of evaluating the likely
environmental impacts
 proposed project
 Development

 Taking into account

 inter-related socio-economic
 cultural
 human-health impacts

 Both beneficial and adverse.

Types of EIA
 Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA)

 Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA)

 Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA)

  Sectoral Environment Impact Assessment

  Regional Environmental Impact Assessment

Rapid EIA

 Available data with baseline environmental

data

 Winter season
 Low air temperature
 Low air speed

 Resulting in low dispersion

Comprehensive EIA (CEIA)

 assessment area, period and parameters are

insufficient for well defined decision

 Meteorological conditions with impact of

pollutants

 Large volume of discharge

 Large projects with high level of discharge

Sectoral EIA
 Reviewing
 Sector investment alternatives
 The effect of sector policy changes
 Institutional capacities and requirements for environmental
review implementation and monitoring
 Cumulative impacts of many relatively small, similar
investments that do not merit individual project specific eia's

 Objective of strengthening the environmental

management capability of the several or other
relevant agencies.
Regional EIA

 Comprehensive EIA conducted for a

particular region

 Baseline environmental status & assimilative

capacity of the region

 Development activities resulting in

cumulative impact are planned localised area
Contents of EIA
 Description of the proposed

 Description of the base environmental and climatic

conditions

 Analysis of the
land use and land use change,
waste generation
water consumption
power consumption along with the
Social and health impacts
Contents of EIA
 An assessment of air pollution and noise generation

 A risk assessment report and disaster management plan to

mitigate adverse environmental impacts

 An indication of the likely area to be affected proposed or its

alternatives

 A detailed environmental feasibility report

https://ec.maharashtra.gov.in/consprojectppt.php
 Legal Framework
 Article 48 A and 51 A-g of Indian Constitution

 NBC 2010

 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975
 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978

 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982

 The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986

 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989

 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989
Legal Framework
 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
 The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981

 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

 The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995
 The Wildlife (Specified Plants - Conditions for
Possession by Licensee) Rules, 1995

 The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991

 The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010

Procedure - Stage (4) Appraisal

 Scrutiny by expert appraisal committee

 Exemption from public hearing

 Completed in 60 days

 Recommendation submitted to competent

authority
THE ENVIRONMENTAL CLARANCE NOTIFICATION 1994

 Composition of expert committee

 Ecosystem management
 Air/water pollution control
 Water resource management
 Flora/fauna conservation and management
 Land use planning
 Social sciences / rehabilitation
 Project appraisal
 Ecology
 Environmental health
 NGO representatives
 Subject area specialist
THE ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE
NOTIFICATION (2006)
 Professional:
▪ 5 years of formal University training in the concerned
discipline leading to a MA/MSc Degree,
▪ Engineering /Technology/Architecture disciplines, 4 years
formal
▪ Other professional degree (e.g. Law) involving a total of 5
years
▪ Prescribed apprenticeship/article ship and pass examinations
conducted by the concerned professional association
▪ University degree , followed by 2 years of formal training in a
University or Service Academy
THE ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE
NOTIFICATION (2006)
 Expert:
▪ 15 years of relevant experience in the field
▪ advanced degree least 10 years of relevant experience.
▪ Age: Below 70 years. In case of non availability 75 years

 Environment Quality Experts

 Sectoral Experts in Project Management

 Environmental Impact Assessment Process Experts:

 Risk Assessment Experts

 Life Science Experts in floral and faunal management

 Forestry and Wildlife Experts

 Environmental Economics Expert

Grant / rejection of EC
 Conveyed within 45 days from the expert committee

 105 days from the date of receipt of application

 Regulatory authority accepts the expert committee

 If not reconsideration by experts within 45 days – intimated to applicant

 Furnish the views to regulatory authority in 60 days

 Final decision by regulatory authority in 30 days

 If no intimation – applicant can proceed

 Public document after period of intimation

 Expert recommendations
 Regulatory authority recommendation

 No other clearance
Validity & transferability of EC
 10 years for river valley project

 30 years for mining project

 5 years in case of all other projects

 Development project
 Validity limited to responsibility of applicant as developer.

 Extension to a maximum of 5 years

 Transfer to any natural or legal personality with NOC

LOOPHOLES AND DEFICIENCIES
 Stage 1 - Screening
 Based on info (form 1, 1A) supplied by investor
 Pre-feasibility report and conceptual plan - no
guidelines or requirements, thereby no need to
address environmental issues

 Stage 2 - Scoping
 No public participation in scoping process - local knowledge
about what environmental concerns should be investigated is
not given consideration
 Strict timeline – not a continuous process
 Biased in securing favorable Terms of Reference for
investors
 Access to TOR limited
LOOPHOLES AND DEFICIENCIES
(Cont….)
• Stage 3 – Public consultation
 Unclear wording and definitions
 Can be avoided if regulatory agency feels it difficult to conduct it
owing to local situation
 Local affected persons having plausible stake in impact of project
 Public consultation shall ordinarily have two components
 Other concerned persons having plausible stake shall submit
responses only in writing
 Hearing shall be conducted at the site or in its close proximity

 No quorum required for holding public consultation

 Huge list of exemptions for certain types of projects that cause deep
environmental impact without justification
 Weak wording that widens the scope of these exemptions

 Tight timeline: 45 days from the time requested by the investor

LOOPHOLES AND DEFICIENCIES
(Cont….)
 Limiting access to information
Only summary EIA report made available, not the full EIA with
all TOR from the scoping process
Confidential information need not be disclosed in summary EIA

 Publicity
Use of internet as the main means
No definition on how publicity should be carried out

 Erosion of constitution of panel conducting public hearing

EIA 2006 mentions only District Magistrate and a representative
of SPCB
EIA 1994 had District Collector, representatives of state dealing
with the project, reps from Panchayats, senior citizens from the
area, reps of SPCB
LOOPHOLES AND DEFICIENCIES
(Cont….)

Appraisal
No public participation

Arguments between regulatory authority and expert committee

made known only to investor and not to public

Iron hand given to regulatory authority to make final decision –

Expert committee opinion can be disregarded

Deemed Clearance: Incase decision is not given within the

prescribed timelines, applicant may proceed as though
clearance has been granted or denied
GRIHA
• SITE PLANNING
• BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN
• BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN (HVAC [HEATING VENTILATION
AND AIR CONDITIONING], LIGHTING, ELECTRICAL, AND
WATER HEATING)
• INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES TO
GENERATE ENERGY ON-SITE
• WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
• SELECTION OF ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
(WITH HIGH RECYCLED CONTENT, RAPIDLY RENEWABLE
RESOURCES WITH LOW EMISSION POTENTIAL, AND SO ON)
• INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (MAINTAIN INDOOR
THERMAL AND VISUAL COMFORT AND AIR QUALITY)
GRIHA
• BENEFITS
• REDUCED ENERGY CONSUMPTION WITHOUT SACRIFICING
THE COMFORT LEVELS
• REDUCED DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL AREAS, HABITATS,
AND BIODIVERSITY, AND REDUCED SOIL LOSS FROM
EROSION, AND OTHER SUCH DESTRUCTIVE OCCURRENCES
• REDUCED AIR AND WATER POLLUTION (WITH DIRECT
HEALTH BENEFITS)
• REDUCED WATER CONSUMPTION
• LIMITED WASTE GENERATION DUE TO RECYCLING AND
REUSE
• REDUCED POLLUTION LOADS
• INCREASED USER PRODUCTIVITY
• ENHANCED IMAGE AND MARKETABILITY
68
CRITERIA IN GRIHA
• CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF
RESOURCES
• CRITERION 1 SITE SELECTION
• CRITERION 2 PRESERVE AND PROTECT THE LANDSCAPE DURING
CONSTRUCTION/COMPENSATORY DEPOSITORY FORESTATION
• CRITERION 3 SOIL CONSERVATION (TILL POST CONSTRUCTION)
• CRITERION 4 DESIGN TO INCLUDE EXISTING SITE FEATURES
• CRITERION 5 REDUCE HARD PAVING ON-SITE AND/ OR PROVIDE
SHADED HARD-PAVED SURFACES
• CRITERION 6 ENHANCE OUTDOOR LIGHTING SYSTEM
EFFICIENCY
• CRITERION 7 PLAN UTILITIES EFFICIENTLY AND OPTIMIZE ON-
SITE CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY

69
CRITERIA IN GRIHA
• HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

• CRITERION 8 PROVIDE AT LEAST THE MINIMUM

LEVEL OF SANITATION/SAFETY FACILITIES FOR
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS

• CRITERION 9 REDUCE AIR POLLUTION DURING

CONSTRUCTION

70
CRITERIA IN GRIHA
• BUILDING PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION STAGE
• CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF
RESOURCES

• CRITERION 10 REDUCE LANDSCAPE WATER

REQUIREMENT

• CRITERION 11 REDUCE BUILDING WATER USE

• CRITERION 12 EFFICIENT WATER USE DURING

CONSTRUCTION

71
CRITERIA IN GRIHA
• BUILDING PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION
STAGE
• ENERGY: END USE

• CRITERION 13 OPTIMIZE BUILDING DESIGN TO REDUCE

THE CONVENTIONAL ENERGY DEMAND

• CRITERION 14 OPTIMIZE THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE

OF THE BUILDING WITHIN SPECIFIED COMFORT LIMITS

72
CRITERIA IN GRIHA
• ENERGY: EMBODIED AND CONSTRUCTION

• CRITERION 15 UTILIZATION OF FLY ASH IN THE

BUILDING STRUCTURE

• CRITERION 16 REDUCE VOLUME, WEIGHT, AND TIME

OF CONSTRUCTION BY ADOPTING AN EFFICIENT
TECHNOLOGY

• CRITERION 17 USE LOW-ENERGY MATERIAL IN THE

INTERIORS
73
CRITERIA IN GRIHA
• ENERGY: RENEWABLE
• CRITERION 18 RENEWABLE ENERGY UTILIZATION

• CRITERION 19 RENEWABLE-ENERGY-BASED
HOTWATER SYSTEM

74
CRITERIA IN GRIHA
• RECYCLE, RECHARGE, AND REUSE OF WATER
• CRITERION 20 WASTE-WATER TREATMENT
• CRITERION 21 WATER RECYCLE AND REUSE

• WASTE MANAGEMENT
• CRITERION 22 REDUCTION IN WASTE DURING
CONSTRUCTION
• CRITERION 23 EFFICIENT WASTE SEGREGATION
• CRITERION 24 STORAGE AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
• CRITERION 25 RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM WASTE

75
CRITERIA IN GRIHA
• HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
• CRITERION 26 USE OF LOW VOC
• CRITERION 27 MINIMIZE OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES
• CRITERION 28 ENSURE WATER QUALITY
• CRITERION 29 ACCEPTABLE OUTDOOR AND INDOOR NOISE
LEVELS
• CRITERION 30 TOBACCO AND SMOKE CONTROL
• CRITERION 31 PROVIDE THE MINIMUM LEVEL OF
ACCESSIBILITY FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
• CRITERION 32 ENERGY AUDIT AND VALIDATION
• CRITERION 33 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
• CRITERION 34 INNOVATION POINTS
76
 Sustainable site
 Concerns
• Land use
• Co existing eco system
• Consideration on urban, historical and resources
• Onsite waste management
• Analyse the city form
 Review the potential of views
 Urban availability of water and other critical infrastructure
 Sustainable site
 Urban availability of water and other critical infrastructure
• connectivity to infrastructure and public transport
network,
• power requirement and power source,
• water requirement and water source, and

78
SUSTAINABLE SITE

• Resource conservation and efficient utilization of resources

• Preserve and protect landscape during construction
• Soil conservation (till post-construction)
• Design to include existing site features
• Reduce hard paving on-site and/or provide shaded hard-paved surfaces
• Enhance outdoor-lighting system efficiency and use renewable energy system for
meeting outdoor lighting requirements
• Plan utilities efficiently and optimize on-site circulation efficiency
• Provide minimum level of sanitation/safety facilities for construction workers
• Reduce air pollution during construction
79
SUSTAINABLE SITE

• Mandatory requirements
• Urban Development Formulation Plan and
Implementation
• Eco zone regulation
• CRZ regulation
• Heritage areas
• 30m from water body
• Hazard prone site regulation
80
SUSTAINABLE SITE

• Waste management on the site

• Urban infrastructure and facilities, public transport,
infrastructure for power, water supply sewage
system network
• future development
• Natural drainage
• Utilize negative urban spaces
• Conform to landscape and scenic beauty

81
SUSTAINABLE SITE
 Urban availability of water and other critical infrastructure
• connectivity to infrastructure and public transport
network,
• power requirement and power source,
• water requirement and water source, and
• Waste management on the site
• Urban infrastructure and facilities, public transport,
infrastructure for power, water supply sewage system
network
• future development
• Natural drainage 82

Utilize negative urban spaces

SUSTAINABLE SITE
• site should be located within ½ km radius
• existing bus stop,
• commuter rail
• light rail or metro station
• or select brownfield site
• Site map with 2km neighborhood
• bank,
• place of worship, convenience store, park, restaurant, theatre, community centre,
fitness centre, museum
• fire station,
• library, medical/dental facility, pharmacy,
• post office, school 83
SUSTAINABLE SITE

• Preserve and protect landscape during construction

• Slope protection
• Sedimentation collection
• Run off diversion
• Preservation and protection of existing vegetation
• Prevent root damage
• Avoid trees as support
• Heat emission activities in the vicinity of trees
• Modification of drainage
84
• Grade modification
SUSTAINABLE SITE

• Preserve and protect landscape during

construction
• Staging
• Spill prevention and control
• Preservation of topsoil
• Collection storage and reapplication of topsoil
• Sedimentation basin
• Contour trenching
• Mulching
85
SUSTAINABLE SITE

• Soil conservation (till post-construction)

• Top soil laying
• Soil stabilization
• Permanent plantation
• Mulching

86
SUSTAINABLE SITE
• Design to include existing site features
• Geographical latitude microclimatic factors such as wind loads
• Topography and landforms
• Solar access
• Geologic and seismic data
• Soil types, textures load-bearing capacity
• Air movement patterns
• Parcel shape and access with adjacent land use and
buildings
• Neighboring or proposed future extension infrastructure for
87
future developments
SUSTAINABLE SITE

• Design to include existing site features

• Heat island effect
• Solar access
• Building types
• Open spaces

88
SUSTAINABLE SITE

• Reduce hard paving on-site and/or provide

shaded hard-paved surfaces
• Heat island effect
• Solar access
• Building types
• Open spaces
89
SUSTAINABLE SITE

• Enhance outdoor-lighting system efficiency

and use renewable energy system for
meeting outdoor lighting
• security lighting,
• street lighting,
• landscape lighting

• 25 % of total number or 15% of connected

load with renewable energy 90
SUSTAINABLE SITE

• Plan utilities efficiently and optimize on-site circulation efficiency

• Integrate and use the existing utility and transportation infrastructure and
capacity to minimize the need for new infrastructure
• Select utility systems in accordance with the established natural system on-site
• Use gravity sewer systems
• Plan utility corridors
• Site utility systems with the landscape
• Analyse the existing road system and networks for parking; pedestrians to
form site circulation patterns
• Design the site plan to minimize the length of primary or secondary
circulation, pedestrian walkways, utility lines, and building footprint
• Improve safety and security
• Plan for the alternative traffic/transportation strategies
• Incorporate the use of telecommunicating strategies 91
SUSTAINABLE SITE
• Provide minimum level of sanitation/safety facilities for construction workers
• Guarding all parts of dangerous machinery
• Precautions for working on machinery
• Maintaining hoists and lifts, lifting machines, chains, ropes, and other lifting tackles
in good condition
• Using durable and reusable formwork systems
• Ensuring that walking surfaces
• Providing protective equipment
• Providing measures to prevent fires
• Providing sufficient and suitable light for working during the night
• Measures to protect workers from materials of construction, transportation,
storage, and other dangers and health hazards
• Safety policies of the construction firm 92

• Decentralized urinals, latrines

93
Water Consumption

94
95
 Reduction in water consumption
 Buildings
• Efficient fixtures
• Low rate flushes
• Sensor based
• Waterless
• Tap aerators
• Dual pipe plumbing

96
 Water use reduction
 Water conservation in landscape
• Efficient irrigation
• Native vegetation
• Xeriscaping

 Construction
• Curing
• Storing

97
 Waste water generation
 Aerobic reaction
 Anaerobic digestion
 Root zone treatment
 DEWATS
• Primary treatment: sedimentation and floatation
• Secondary anaerobic treatment in fixed-bed reactors:
baffled upstream reactors or anaerobic filters
• Tertiary aerobic treatment in sub-surface flow filters
• Tertiary aerobic treatment in polishing ponds

98
- Transforms building into a healthier
environment

- Lower operating costs and increase

asset value

- Reduces waste, greenhouse emissions,

and conserves energy and water

- Recognition for commitment to

environmental responsibility
 What is LEED?
 Measuring Tool for Building Owners and
Operators

 Promotes a Whole Building Approach in 5 Key

Areas of Human & Environmental Health

 Sustainable Site Development

 Water Savings
 Energy Efficiency
 Material Selection
 Indoor Environmental Quality
 Current LEED™ Programs

LEED-NC New Construction

LEED-EB Existing Building
LEED-CI Commercial Interiors
LEED-CS Core & Shell
LEED-S Schools
LEED-H Homes
LEED-ND Neighborhood Development
 LEED™ Certification Levels - NC

Level Points Required

Certified 26-32

Silver 33-38

Gold 39-51

Platinum 52-69
 LEED™ Point Distribution - NC

Area of Measurement Credits Points

Sustainable Sites 8 14
Water Efficiency 3 5
Energy & Atmosphere 6 17
Materials & Resources 7 13
Indoor Environmental Quality 8 15
Innovation & Design Process 1 5
Total 33 69
 Potential Points Contribution - NC

Area of Measurement Credit Points

Indoor Environmental Quality
Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants EQ 4.1 1
Materials & Resources
Recycled Materials -10% MR 4.1 1
Recycled Materials - 20% MR 4.2 1
Regional Materials (500 miles) -10% MR 5.1 1
Regional Materials (500 miles) - 20% MR 5.2 1
 Elements of Sustainable Habitat
Built Environment

Buildings Surroundings

Choice of materials Optimal allocation of land

Location of Building Transport systems

and infrastructure
Smart Buildings (bldgs. as
generators of energy) Environmental management
- Water & waste
Efficient appliances and fixtures
Energy security – renewable
sources and energy efficiency
 Energy balance
Sustainable Energy

Demand Supply

• Day lighting integration in Energy generation

External lighting
design (Street, landscaping, architectural) from RE energy
• Natural ventilation /
thermal comfort • Solar
• Efficient building envelop Building lighting • Wind
(Day lighting &Artificial lighting)
design • Bio Gas
• Geo thermal
• Efficient indoor and Building space
conditioning
external lighting fixtures
• Automatic controls
• Efficient HVAC systems Equipment
(Transformer/pumps/motors etc.)
• Equipment to meet ECBC
standards
Energy
Demand Reduction:
 Design of energy efficient buildings, energy efficient street
lighting, pumping and other site infrastructure facilities.
 Reduce the total amount of energy (kWh) required from the local
Municipal grid/Diesel gensets by at least 25 per cent. – Mandatory

Supply Optimization:
 Generation of clean energy on site to reduce the dependence on
grid electricity.
 Design the development to be self-sufficient in its annual energy
requirement. - Optional
Police Training School, Turuchi, Tasgaon
 Visibility of green building through implementation of RE
 21.5% of internal lighting annual energy requirements met by renewables.
 28,105 kWh electricity generated from 1kVA of solar power and 13 windmills
with power capacity of 5.5kW each.
 Energy savings compared to GRIHA benchmark: 31%

GRIHA Rated
 University of Petroleum and Energy
Studies, Dehradun
 30.1% of internal lighting annual energy requirements met by solar lighting.
 100 kWP Renewable energy installed on site
 95.3% annual energy saved by solar hot water system
 Energy savings compared to GRIHA benchmark: 42.7%

GRIHA Rated
 Building Efficiency / Green Buildings
Commercial Sector

Hospitals Hospitality Office Education Shops Shopping Malls

From
2000 Area under Area under Area under Area under Area under All shopping
AC AC AC AC AC malls will
- (X 4 times) (X 1.2 (X 2 times) (X 3 times) (X 2 times) continue to be
2030 times) AC

 Energy consumption is likely to increase 18 times,

 With 5-8% of EPI and low carbon intervention saving of 2.5 times
is possible by 2030
 Kyoto, Japan

 Six action plans in Kyoto

 Walkable city, Kyoto
 Kyoto-style buildings & forest
development
 Low carbon lifestyle
 Decarbonization of Industries
 Comprehensive use of renewable energy
 Establishment of a Funding mechanism
Indian context
 Urbanization
 No of large cities to increase
 Energy security : fuel import dependency, coal
dependency increasing
 Energy shortages already, low per capita energy
consumption; environmental considerations
 Sustainable habitats
 Integrated planning esp. for cities
 Self-sufficient neighborhood
Elements contributing to sustainable
habitat
 Density: It is the concentration of population, dwelling units, employment or
any other variable over a specific area which can be either gross or net

 Design: the street network which is pedestrian oriented rather than auto and
whose characteristics include side walk, inter connection with in the streets,
number of intersection, pedestrian crossing, street lighting

 Diversity: It is a measure of variety of land uses present in a given area on

the basis of floor area, employment and land area

 Distance to transit: the average of the shortest street routes from

home or work to the nearest rail stations and bus stops

 Destination accessibility: the ease with which one can access the
trip attraction to both local (market) and regional (jobs) destinations
 Generalised framework

Density Diversity Design Distance to Transit Destination Accessibility

Walkability Transit Use Vehicle Miles Travelled

INCREASED DECREASED

Controlled built environment

Transit Oriented Development

Lower dependence on non renewable resources (creating energy security)

Reduced GHG emissions

Source: Travel & Built Environment: A Meta Analysis, Reid Ewing and Robert Cervero
Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Methodology
– BREEAM New Construction

– BREEAM Domestic Refurbishment

– BREEAM Communities

– BREEAM In-Use

– Code for Sustainable Homes

– BREEAM International
Life cycle stages of BREEAM

New
Construction
Communitie
s

In-Use

Demolition

Refurb.

In-Use
Categories assessed within BREEAM In-Use

Land
use &
ecology

Transpo
Energy
rt

Health
Waste and
wellbeing

Pollutio Manage
n ment
Material
Water
s
Weightings and Star Ratings

• Each environmental issue is weighted differently

• BREEAM In-Use provides Star Ratings which vary between 1-6.

<10% UNCLASSIFIED

>10% ACCEPTABLE

>25% PASS

>40% GOOD

>55% VERY GOOD

>70% EXCELLENT

>85% OUTSTANDING