ADVANCED FOUNDATION

ENGINEERING LECTURES
For M. Sc. Course

Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Shaker Al Shakerchy

Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering / University of Kufa
mohammedsh.alshakarchi@uokufa.edu.iq
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
LECTURES
M. Sc. Course

TYPES OF FOOTINGS
 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

:Every structure consists of two parts

 Sub-structure or foundation and
 Super structure
Foundation : It is the lowest part of a structure
which is constructed below the ground level.

The function of foundation is to transmit the

weight of super structure to the sub soil.
OR
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and to transmit and distribute
their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded,
excessive settlement, differential settlement,or
rotation are prevented and adequate safety
against overturning or sliding is maintained.
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy
 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

Notes
 The foundation consists of concrete slabs
located under each structural column and a
continuous slab under load-bearing walls.
 For the spread foundation system the
structural load is literally spread out over a
broad area under the building
 Most common type of foundation used due
to their low cost & ease of construction.
 Most often used in small to medium size structure with
moderate to good soil condition.

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

Footing
Classification

Shallow (D<= B) Deep (D>= B)

- Strip
Pile -
- Isolated
- Strap - Pier
- Combined - Caissons
- Raft Foundation

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

ISOLATED FOOTING
• It is provided under
columns to transfer the
load safely to bed soil
• These footings may be
slab, stepped or sloped
ones.

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

COMBINED FOOTING
• A combined footing is the one which supports
two columns and it may be rectangular or
trapezoidal in plan.
• The aim is to get uniform pressure distribution
under the footing. For this the center of gravity of
the footing area should coincide with the center
of gravity of the combined loads of the two
columns.
Combined footings are used in the
following situations:
• When the columns are very near to each other so
that their footings overlap.
• When the bearing capacity of the soil is less,
requiring more area under individual footing.
• When the end column is near a property line so
that its footing can not spread in that direction.

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

Strap footing
It is a type of combined
footing,[1] consisting of two or
more column footings
connected by a concrete
beam. It is used to help
distribute the weight of either
heavily or eccentrically loaded
column footings to adjacent
footings.

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

Ring Spread Footings

- continuous footings that have been
wrapped into a circle
- commonly used to support the walls
above-ground circular storage tanks.
- The contents of these tanks are
spread evenly across the total base
area and this weight is probably
greater that the tank itself
- Therefore the geotechnical analyses
of tanks usually treat them as circular
foundations with diameters equal to
the diameter of the tank.

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

MAT FOUNDATION
• It is most suitable foundation
when the soil at the site proposed
for the construction of a structure
is erratic, soft clay, made up
ground or marshy land with low
bearing capacity.
• Mat foundation is constructed of
RCC slab covering the whole area
of the bottom of the structure.
The slab is provided with steel
reinforcing bars in both
directions. When column loads are
heavy, the main beams and
secondary beams are provided
monolithically with raftADVANCED
slab. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy
 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

• Pile foundation is more commonly

used in building construction. PILE FOUNDATIONS
Pile foundations are used in the
following situations:
• The load of the super structure is
heavy and its distribution is uneven
• The top soil has poor bearing capacity
• The subsoil water level is high
• There is large fluctuations in subsoil
water level
• Canal or deep drainage lines exist
near the foundation
• The structure is situated on the sea
shore or river bed
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy
 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
BASED ON FUNCTION

Piles

End Bearing Friction Compaction Tension Anchor

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
BASED ON MATERIALS AND COMPOSITION

Piles

Concrete Timber Steel Composite

Concrete &
Pre-Cast Cast-in-Situ H
Timber

Concrete &
Pipe
Steel

Sheet

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

TYPES OF PILE CHOSEN DEPENDS

ON FOLLOWING FACTORS:
a) What type of pile is readily available
b) Location & type of structure (magnitude of loading)
c) Ground Condition (soil type)
d) Cost
e) Durability

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

END BEARING PILE

These piles are used to transfer load through

SOFT SOIL
water or soft soil to a suitable bearing
stratum.

END BEARING PILE

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

FRICTION PILE
These piles are used to transfer loads to a
depth of a friction load carrying aterial
by means of skin friction along the
length of pile.

FRICTION PILE

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

COMPACTION PILE
These piles are used to compact loose
soils, thus increasing their bearing
capacity. The compaction piles
themselves do not carry any load.
Hence they may be of weaker material
(sand). The pile tube, driven to
compact the soil, is gradually taken
out and sand is filled in its place
thus forming a ‘sand pile’. COMPACTION PILE

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

PIERS
 It’s a vertical bridge
support.
 It’s a foundation for
carrying a heavy
structural load which
is constructed in site
in a deep excavation.
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy
 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

CAISSONS
 It’s a prefabricated hollow box or  Basically it is similar in form to pile
cylinder. foundation but installed using different
 It is sunk into the ground to some way
desired depth and then filled with  used when soil of adequate bearing
concrete thus
strength
forming a foundation.
is found below surface layers of weak
 Most often used in the construction materials such as fill or peat.
of bridge piers & other structures
 It’s a form of deep foundation which are
that require foundation beneath
constructed above ground level, then
rivers & other bodies of water.
sunk to
 This is because caissons can be
the required level by excavating or
floated to the job site and sunk into
dredging material from within the
place.
caisson.

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

CAISSON FOUNDATION

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads and transmit them to the soil
safely while satisfying code limitations.
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable bearing soil capacity
2. Two-way shear or punch out shear.
3. One-way bearing
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement required
5. Bearing capacity of columns at their base
6. Dowel requirements
7. Development length of bars
8. Differential settlement

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 ADVANCED FOUNDATIOIN ENGINEERING– TYPES OF FOOTINGS

General Requirements for Footing Design

1. A site investigation is required to determine the chemical and physical properties
of the soil.
2. Determine the magnitude and distribution of loads form the superstructure.
3. Establish the criteria and the tolerance for the total and differential settlements of
the structure.
4. Determine the most suitable and economic type of foundation.
5. Determine the depth of the footings below the ground level and the method of
excavation.
6. Establish the allowable bearing pressure to be used in design.
7. Determine the pressure distribution beneath the footing based on its width
8. Perform a settlement analysis.

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy