Programming Foundation

• CHATPER-1 Introducing Computer System and IT

Objectives
• After this course, you should be able to understand
• Computer System and its Components
• What Computer can do?
• How CPU works?
• How memory works?
• Software vs. Hardware Point view
• What is IT and ICT ?
• Benefit of IT

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Programming Foundation CourseLanguage Education Center
Computers

Computer
A machine capable of
automatically processing data
according to instruction lists
given.

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Data Processing

Logical
Arithmetic Operations Comparison

Transmitting Info.
Storing Info.

Receiving Info.

and etc ……

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Benefits

Computers
• work fast.
• work consistently.
• remember a lot of stuffs.
• are loyal.
• work hard.

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But…

Programs are needed!

• Computers DO NOT THINK!!.

• Computers work as instructed.
Right on,
sir!

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Computer Size

ENIAC then… ENIAC today…

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Many Forms of Computers

Mainframe Tablet
Desktop Notebook

Server Game Console PDA Embedded

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Computing units of measure

• A bit is either a 1 or a 0
• On or off, true or false, etc.

• A byte is 8 bits:
• 01001010
• As there are 8 bits per byte, each byte can hold 2 8=256 values
• 01001010 = 74

• All computing measurements are in terms of bytes.

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Computing units of measure
• Kilo (K) = 1,000 (thousand)
• Mega (M) = 1,000,000 (million)
• Giga (G) = 1,000,000,000 (billion)
• Tera (T) = 1,000,000,000,000 (trillion)

• Definitely to say it:

• Kilo = 210 = 1,024
• Mega = (1024)2 = 1,048,576
• Giga = (1024)3 = 1,073,741,824
• Tera = (1024)4 = 1,099,511,627,776

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Computing units of measure

• An unformatted text document (such as a Java program)

• 3 pages per kilobyte (1,000 bytes)

• A formatted document (such as a Word file)

• About 5k per page with formatting

• A digital camera picture

• About 1 Mb each (1,000,000 bytes)

• An MP3 music file

• 5 Mb for a 5 minute song

• A music file on a CD
• 50 Mb for a 5 minute song
• 10 times the size of an MP3!

• A movie clip
• About 10 Mb per minute of (TV-sized) video

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Computer Components

• Hardware: Electronic devices and mechanical parts.

• Software: Instructions
Information or messages that do not directly control computer
hardware are considered “Data”.

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Hardware

3 groups according to functionalities:

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Memory

Input/Output (I/O)

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Central Processing Unit - CPU
A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor or main
processor, is the electronic circuitry within a computer that executes
instructions that make up a computer program. The CPU performs basic
arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified
by the instructions.

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CPU

➢The “brain” of a computer.

➢responsible for execute given
instructions.
➢arithmetic & logical processing
➢control other hardware

IntelÒ PentiumÒ M, IntelÒ CoreTM Solo, IntelÒ CoreTM Duo,

IntelÒ CoreTM 2 Duo, AMD AthlonTM 64, AMD OpteronTM,
Sun UltraSPARC, PowerPC etc.

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 Random Access Memory - RAM
Random-access memory is a form of computer memory that can be
read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data
and machine code. A random-access memory device allows data
items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time
irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory.

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Memory

• store data and program.

• 2 types:
• Main memory
• Temporary storage (e.g. current program)
• Faster
• More expensive
• Secondary storage
• Store data
• Slower
• Cheaper

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Memory
• Main Memory: RAM
• Secondary Storage:
• Floppy disks
• Hard Disk Drives
• Compact Disc (CD) such as CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, etc.
• Digital Video Disc (DVD) such as DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD+R,
DVD-RW, etc.
• flash memory devices

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Storage Drives
• This hard drive has
250,059,350,016 bytes
• = 250.06 Gigabytes
• = 232.89 Gibibytes

HDD

SSD

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System Bus

A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major

components of a computer system, combining the functions of a
data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine where it
should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation.

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How CPU Work?

ALU - Arithmetic and Logic Unit

CU - Control Unit

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How RAM Work?

company name

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How CPU Executes Program Instructions?

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I/O

• Input devices take data into computer systems.

• Keyboard, mouse, joystick etc.
• Output devices provide data to outside of the systems.
• Monitor, printer etc.
• Some devices act as both.
• Touch-screen monitor, etc.
• Devices that transmit data are also considered I/O.

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Software

• a set of instructions that used for controlling computer hardware.

User
Application software

System software

Hardware

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Applications vs. System SWs

• System software is a program that is not directly

intended to help accomplishing the user’s task but
supports other application software.

• operating systems

• system tools (e.g. antivirus, archiving tools, disk defragmenter)

• software development tools (e.g. compiler, debugger, integrated development

environment(IDE) suite).

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Operating Systems
• An operating system has two functions:
• Control the system resources.
• Provide the user with a means of interaction with the
computer.

• Operating systems can be either

• single tasking (run one program at a time)
• DOS
• multi-tasking (run many programs at once)
• Windows
• Unix
• Apple
• Linux

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Operating Systems
• Operating systems can also be categorized as
• single user
• only one user to operate the computer at a time
• Examples:
• DOS
• Windows 95/98/ME
• multi-user
• allow several users to run programs and operate the computer at once.
• Examples
• Unix
• BSD
• Windows NT/2000/XP
• OS/X
• Linux

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Most popular and used OS in the world

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Core functions of OS

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Applications vs. System SWs

• Application software is a program that helps user in

accomplishing specific tasks productively.

• Word processing software

• Spreadsheet software

• Games

• Instant messenger

• Digital media play back

• etc. Information Technology & Japanese Language Education Center

Applications

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Binary Code

• Programs and data are represented using “binary code” String of binary digits

For example: 0010 1001 1010 0111

Each binary digit = one bit
eight bits = one byte

• The simplest building block of a computer is a

switch.  ‘on’ / ‘off’ state

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What is Information Technology?
Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to store, retrieve,
transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a
business or other enterprise.

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What is ICT?
Information and communications technology (ICT) is an
extensional term for information technology (IT) that
stresses the role of unified communications and the
integration of telecommunications(telephone lines and
wireless signals) and computers, as well as
necessary enterprise software,  middleware, storage,
and audiovisual systems, that enable users to access,
store, transmit, and manipulate information.

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Benefit of IT

Accurate and speedy processing of information,

Globalization,Effective communication,
Entertainment,Communicating news,

Information technology and the health sector and

economies,Information Technology and education,
Creation of new jobs,Remote accessibility

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Assignment
• How computer does it work?

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 Thank!!!
Any Questions
Reference
https://topyaps.com/top-10-benefits-of-information-technology/

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