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Microwave Engineering
Lecture 7 Waveguides
RS 1
Review
• Impedance matching to minimize power reflection from load
• Lumped-element tuners
• Single-stub tuners
• Microstrip lines
• The most popular transmission line
• Knowing the characteristic impedance and the relative dielectric co
nstant of the material helps determine the strip line configuration a
nd vice versa.
• Attenuation
• conduction loss
• dielectric loss
• radiation loss
2
A pair of conductors is used to guide
TEM wave
• Microstrip
• Parallel plate
• Two-wire TL
• Coaxial cable
3
The use of waveguide
• Waveguide refers to the structure that does not support TEM mode.
• They are unable to support wave propagation below a certain frequen
cy, termed the cutoff frequency.
4
Rectangular waveguide fundamentals
- A typical cross section is shown. Propagation is in the +z direction. The
conducting walls are brass, copper or aluminum. The inside is
electroplated with silver or gold and smoothly polished to reduce loss.
5
Rectangular waveguide fundamentals
- Waveguide can support TE and TM modes.
- The order of the mode refers to the field configuration in the guide and is
given by “m” and “n” integer subscripts, as TEmn and TMmn.
- The “m” subscript corresponds to the number of half-wave variations of
the field in the x direction.
- The “n” subscript is the number of half-wave variations in the y direction.
- “m” and “n” determines the cutoff frequency for a particular mode.
2 2
1 m n The relative cutoff
fcmn freq for the first 12
2 a b modes of waveguide
with “a” = “2b” are
shown.
6
7
8
Wave Propagation
9
Now a pair of identical TEM
waves, labeled as U+ and
U- are superimposed.
10
- “a” is the wall separation and is determined by the angle and wavelength
- For a given wave velocity Uu, the frequency is f = Uu/
- If we fix the wall separation at “a” and change the frequency, we must then also
change the angle if we are to maintain a propagating wave.
- The edge of a +Eo wavefront (point A) will line up with edge of a –Eo wavefront
(point B), and two fronts must be /2 apart for the m = 1 mode. For any value of
m, we can write
m 2 2a uu
sin or sin
a m f
11
The waveguide can support propagation as
long as the wavelength is smaller than a
critical value that occurs at = 90o, or
2a 2a uu
c sin 90
o
m m fc
where fc is the cutoff frequency for the propagating mode. We can relate the angle
to the operating frequency (f) and the cutoff frequency (fc) by
fc
sin
c f
l AC m 2
The time tAC it takes for the wavefront to move from A to C is t AC
uu uu
Meanwhile, a constant phase point moves along the wall from A to D. Calling the phase
velocity, Up:
m 2 l AD m 2
l AD so t AD
cos u p u p cos
12
Since the times tAD and tAC must be equal,
we have
uu uu
up
cos fc
2
1
f
The phase velocity can be considerably faster than the velocity of the wave in
unbounded media, tending toward infinity as f approaches fc.
u 1 f c f
2
Where u is the phase constant in unbounded media. The wavelength in the guide
is related to this phase velocity by = 2
u
2
fc
1
f
13
The propagation velocity of the superposed
wave is given by the group velocity UG.
uG uu cos uu 1 f c f
2
The group velocity is slower than that of an unguided wave, which is to be expected
since the guided wave propagates in a zig-zag path, bouncing off the waveguide
walls.
Waveguide Impedance
The ratio of the transverse electric field to the transverse magnetic field for a
propagating mode at a particular frequency.
2
u fc
Z TE
mn Z TM
mn u 1
2
fc f
1
f
where u is the intrinsic impedance of the propagating media. In air u = o =
120 14
Waveguide impedance of the TE11 and TM11 modes vs frequency for WR90
15
Example: determine the TE mode impedance looking into a 20-cm long section of
shorted WR90 waveguide operating at 10 GHz.
Solution: at 10 GHz, only the TE10 mode is supported, so
120π Ω
Z TE
10 500 Ω
2
6.5GHz
1
10GHz
We can find Zin from Z IN jZ O tan( l ) for a shorted line.
2f
Now is found from u 1 f c f 1 fc f
2 2
c
2 (10 10 Hz )
9
1 6.56GHz 10GHz 158 rad/m
2
3 10m / s
8
• The wave characteristics are examined along straight guiding structures with
a uniform cross section such as rectangular waveguides.
We can write E in the instantaneous form as
E ( z , t ) E 0 cos(t z )
H u H 0
2 2
17
General wave behaviors along uniform guiding stru
ctures (2)
We can write E andH in the phasor forms as
E ( x, y, z ) ( E x a x E y a y E z a z )e z
and H ( x, y, z ) ( H x a x H y a y H z a z )e z .
z
xy E ( u ) E 0
2 2 2
and xy H ( u ) H 0.
2 2 2
18
Use Maxwell’s equations to show
E and
H i
n terms of z components (1)
From E j H and H j E
Ez
we have E y j H x
y
Ez
Ex j H y
x
E y Ex
j H z
x y
H z
H y j E x
y
H z
H x j E y
x
H y H x
j Ez
x y 19
Use Maxwell’s equations to show
E and
H i
n terms of z components (2)
We can express Ex, Ey, Hx, and Hy in terms of Ez and Hz
by substitution so we get for lossless media = j, and u
j H z j Ez
Ex
u2 2 y u2 2 x
j H z j Ez
Ey 2 2
u 2
x u 2 y
j Ez j H z
Hx 2 2
u y u 2 x
2
j H z j Ez
Hy
u2 2 y u2 2 x
20
Propagating waves in a uniform wave
guide
• Transverse ElectroMagnetic (TEM) waves, no Ez or Hz
21
Transverse ElectroMagnetic wave (TE
M)
• Since Ez and Hz are 0, TEM wave exists only when
u2 2 0
u rad / m
1
u p ,TEM m/ s
Ex j
ZTEM
Hy j
We can solve for Ez and then solve for other components from (1)-(4) by setting Hz
= 0, then we have
Ex E y
ZTM
Hy Hx j
Notice that or j for TM is not equal to that for TEM .
23
Eigen values
We define h 2 2 u2
24
Cutoff frequency
From h 2 u2
25
a) Propagating mode (1)
2
f f fc
f 1 or
c
2 h 2 and is imaginary
h 2 fc 2
Then j ju 1 ( ) ju 1 ( ) .
u f
This is a propagating mode with a phase constant :
fc 2
u 1 ( ) rad / m
f
26
a) Propagating mode (2)
27
a) Propagating mode (3)
28
b) Evanescent mode
2
f f fc
f 1 or
c
2 h 2
fc 2
Then u 1 ( ) real
f
Wave diminishes rapidly with distance z.
29
Transverse Electric wave (TE)
2 H z 2 H z
( 2
u 2
)H z 0
where x 2
y 2
We can solve for Hz and then solve for other components from (1)-(4) by setting Ez = 0, then we
have z
H z H z ( x, y )e .
30
TE characteristics
• But ZTE
2
fc
1
f
• Propagating mode f > fc
31
Ex2 Determine wave impedance and guide wavelength (in t
erms of their values for the TEM mode) at a frequency equ
al to twice the cutoff frequency in a WG for TM and TE mo
des.
32