Motivation

Introduction
• It is one of the most important factors affecting human
behaviour. The level of motivation does not only affect
perception and learning but also affects total performance of
individuals.
• Performance= ability x motivation
• It is derived from the word ‘motives’. Motive refers to needs,
wants, drives, impulses within individuals
• NEEDS
• WANTS
• DRIVES
• IMPULSES
Wants are things
people would like to
have, such as…

a bicycle,

a CD player, and toys.

 Other wants may be…

a car,

a television, or a video game.

Needs are things
people must have
to live, such as…
food,

shelter,
and medical
clothing, care.
Do you know the difference between wants
and needs?
Choose the one that is a need.

a television food
Is this a want or
a need?

want
Is this a
want or a
need?

want
Is this a want or
a need?

need
 Is this a want or a
need?

Medical care is a
need.
 Needs Wants

food toys
shelter CD player
clothes bicycle
medical care television set
car
DRIVES
It is an innate, biologically determined urge to attain a goal or satisfy a need.
• To acquire what we need for survival, conception and our offspring’s survival. This
drive far surpasses our drives to acquire food, water, warmth and a mate. We are
driven to attain things that interest us, give us a sense of identity and meet our
loved ones’ needs.
• To defend ourselves and our offspring from threats. We’ll protect our family and
groups to which we belong, our ideas and beliefs, our sense of pride and hope,
and our self-image.
• To bond and form long-term, mutually caring and trusting relationships with
others.
• To comprehend (to learn, create, innovate, and make sense of the world and our
place in it).
 What is Motivation?

Motivation is a psychological
drive that directs a person
toward an objective

NEED DRIVES INCENTIVES

13
Concept of Motivation

• The term motivation is derived from the word ‘motive”. The word
‘motive’ as a noun means an objective, as a verb this word means
moving into action. Therefore, motives are forces which induce
people to act in a way, so as to ensure the fulfilment of a particular
human need at a time. Behind every human action there is a motive.
Therefore, management must provide motives to people to make
them work for the organization.
• Motivation may be defined as a planned managerial process, which
stimulates people to work to the best of their capabilities, by
providing them with motives, which are based on their unfulfilled
needs.
Features of motivation
1. Motivation is a personal and internal feeling:
Motivation is a psychological phenomenon which generates within an individual.
2. Motivation is need based:
If there are no needs of an individual, the process of motivation fails. It is a behavioural concept that
directs human behaviour towards certain goals.
3. Motivation is a continuous process:
Because human wants are unlimited, therefore motivation is an ongoing process.
4. Motivation may be positive or negative:
A positive motivation promotes incentives to people while a negative motivation threatens the
enforcement of disincentives.
5. Motivation is a planned process:
People differ in their approach, to respond to the process of motivation; as no two individuals could
be motivated in an exactly similar manner. Accordingly, motivation is a psychological concept and a
complex process.
Why people go to work?
• To earn money
• For a sense of achievement or job satisfaction
• To belong to a group
• For a sense of security
• To obtain a feeling of self- worth
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
FINANCIAL MOTIVATION: Financial motivators relate to
money or any other benefits that can be converted or
expressed onto monetary unit. In present day context,
money has become means to satisfy physical needs. It
is an instrument of obtaining social position and power.
Thus, money became a basic incentive for individuals.
Wages, salaries, allowances, bonus, financial
incentives, commission etc. are financial motivators.
Financial motivators or incentives
Wages Normally-paid per hour worked and receive money at end of week
Salaries- Normally an annual salary which is paid at end of each month.
Bonus system- Extra pay due to good performance.
Commission- Some workers, often salesmen, are partly paid according to number of
Commission products they sell.
Profit sharing- A system whereby employees receive a proportion of company’s profits.
Performance related pay- Paid to those employees who meet certain target
Share options- Common incentive for senior managers who are given shares in
company rather than a straightforward bonus or membership of a profit sharing
scheme
Fringe benefits- Often known as ‘perks’, these are items an employee receives in
addition to their normal wage or salary e.g. company car, private health insurance, free
meals
Non financial motivations
General hypothesis is that financial incentives motivate employees for
higher work. However, individuals have variety of needs that they want
to satisfy while working in the organizations. People attach more
importance to socio-psychological needs that cannot be satisfied by
money alone at higher level of managerial hierarchy. Thus,
management provides non-financial incentives to motivate people in
the organization in addition to financial incentives. The emphasis of
non financial incentives is to provide psychological and emotional
satisfaction rather than financial satisfaction.
Example receiving promotion in the organization gives psychological
satisfaction. Other non financial incentives include: status, promotion,
responsibility, recognition, job security etc.