INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture

 Architecture & Organization
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 Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer

 Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques
 e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

 Computer Architecture is concerned with the way hardware components are connected
together to form a computer system. Computer Architecture helps us to understand the
functionalities of a system. Computer Architecture deals with high-level design issues.
Architecture involves Logic (Instruction sets, Addressing modes, Data types, Cache
optimization).
 Organization is how features are implemented
 Control signals, interfaces, memory technology
 e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

 Computer Organization is concerned with the structure and behavior of a computer

system as seen by the user. Computer Organization tells us how exactly all the units in the
system are arranged and interconnected. Computer Organization deals with low-level
design issues. Organization involves Physical Components (Circuit design, Adders, Signals,
Peripherals)
Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 2
 Architecture & Organization
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Computer architecture is a science or a set of rules

stating how computer software and hardware are
joined together and interact to make a computer
work. It not only determines how the computer
works but also of which technologies the computer
is capable. Computers continue to be a major part of
our lives, and computer architects continue to
develop new and better programs and technologies.

Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 3

 Computer Architecture Categories
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Computer architecture consists of three main categories.

 System design – This includes all the hardware parts, such as CPU, data
processors, multiprocessors, memory controllers and direct memory access.
This part is the actual computer system.
 Instruction set architecture – This includes the CPU’s functions and
capabilities, the CPU’s programming language, data formats, processor register
types and instructions used by computer programmers. This part is the software
that makes it run, such as Windows or Photoshop or similar programs.
 Microarchitecture – This defines the data processing and storage element or
data paths and how they should be implemented into the instruction set
architecture. These might include DVD storage devices or similar devices.
 All these parts go together in a certain order and must be developed
in a pattern so they will function correctly.
Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 4
 Architecture & Organization
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture

 The IBM System/370 family share the same basic
architecture

 This gives code compatibility

 At least backwards
 Organization differs between different version

Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 5

 Structure & Function
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 Structure is the way in which components relate to

each other
 Function is the operation of individual components
as part of the structure

Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 6

 Function
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 All computer functions are:

 Data processing
 Data storage
 Data movement
 Control

Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 7

 Functional View
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 8

 Operations - Data movement
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Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 9

 Operations - Storage
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Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 10

 Operation - Processing from/to storage
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Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 11

 Operation - Processing from storage to I/O
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Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 12

 Structure - Top Level
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Peripherals Computer

Central
Processing Main
Unit Memory

Computer Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines

Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 13

 Structure - The CPU
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CPU

Computer Arithmetic
and
Registers
I/O Login Unit

System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit

Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 14

 Structure - The Control Unit
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Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Logic
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory

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 System Level Decisions
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 Design at CPU, memory and interconnect level

 Important to application performance
 Speeds constrained by
 IC pin count
 Module connector pin count
 Signaling rates
 Application-specific

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 System Level Decisions
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 Driven by
 Cost/performance goals
 Available component technology
 Technology constraints
 Backwards compatibility needs (709-7090-360)

Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 17

 structural components
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 There are four main structural components:
 • Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the
operation of the computer and
 performs its data processing functions; often simply
referred to as processor.
 • Main memory: Stores data.
 • I/O: Moves data between the computer and its
external environment.
 • System interconnection: Some mechanism that
provides for communication
 among CPU, main memory, and I/O. A common
example of system interconnection
 is by means of a system bus, consisting of a number
of conducting
 wires to which all the other components attach.
 There may be one or more of each of the
aforementioned components.
 Traditionally, there has been just a single processor.
In recent years, there has been
 increasing use of multiple processors in a single
computer. Some design issues relating
 to multiple processors crop up and are discussed as
the text proceeds; Part Five
 focuses on such computers.
 Each of these components will be examined in some
detail in Part Two.
 However, for our purposes, the most interesting and
in some ways the most complex
 component is the CPU. Its major structural
components are as follows:
 • Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and
hence the computer.
 • Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the
computer’s data processing
 functions.
 • Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU.
 • CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that
provides for communication
 among the control unit, ALU, and registers.

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 Computer System Performance
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 CPU execution time

 FP arithmetic
 Integer arithmetic
 Branches/procedure calls
 Main memory bandwidth
 I/O performance
 Transfer bandwidth
 Latency
 Polygons/pixels per sec.

Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 19

 Overview of a Motherboard
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Chapter # 1 Computer Organization & Architecture 20

 Central Processing Unit
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 The CPU or microprocessor performs the following tasks in a computer

system
 Data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems
 Simple arithmetic and logic operations
 Program flow via simple decisions
 Although these are simple tasks, but through them, the microprocessor
performs virtually any series of operations or tasks
 Data are operated upon from the memory system or internal registers.
 Data width are variable and include
 Byte (8-bits)
 Word (16-bits)
 Double word (32-bits)

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