Professional Documents
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Capital
Capital Budgeting
Budgeting
Techniques
Techniques
13.1 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
After Studying Chapter 13,
you should be able to:
1. Understand the payback period (PBP) method of project evaluation and
selection, including its: (a) calculation; (b) acceptance criterion; (c)
advantages and disadvantages; and (d) focus on liquidity rather than
profitability.
2. Understand the three major discounted cash flow (DCF) methods of
project evaluation and selection – internal rate of return (IRR), net
present value (NPV), and profitability index (PI).
3. Explain the calculation, acceptance criterion, and advantages (over the
PBP method) for each of the three major DCF methods.
4. Define, construct, and interpret a graph called an “NPV profile.”
5. Understand why ranking project proposals on the basis of IRR, NPV, and
PI methods “may” lead to conflicts in rankings.
6. Describe the situations where ranking projects may be necessary and
justify when to use either IRR, NPV, or PI rankings.
7. Understand how “sensitivity analysis” allows us to challenge the single-
point input estimates used in traditional capital budgeting analysis.
8. Explain the role and process of project monitoring, including “progress
reviews” and “post-completion audits.”
13.2 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Capital Budgeting
Techniques
Project Evaluation and Selection
Potential Difficulties
Capital Rationing
Project Monitoring
Post-Completion Audit
13.3 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Project Evaluation:
Alternative Methods
Payback Period (PBP)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Net Present Value (NPV)
Profitability Index (PI)
13.4 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Proposed Project Data
–40 K 10 K 12 K 15 K 10 K 7K
0 1 2 3 (a) 4 5
Cumulative
Inflows PBP = a + ( b – c ) / d
= 3 + (40 – 37) / 10
= 3 + (3) / 10 = 3.3
Years
13.8 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Payback Solution (#2)
0 1 2 3 4 5
–40 K 10 K 12 K 15 K 10 K 7K
–40 K –30 K –18 K –3 K 7K 14 K
PBP = 3 + ( 3K ) / 10K =
Cumulative 3.3 Years
Cash Flows Note: Take absolute value of last
negative cumulative cash flow value.
13.9 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
PBP Acceptance Criterion
13.12 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
IRR Solution
$40,000 = $10,000(PVIF10%,1) +
$12,000(PVIF10%,2) +
$15,000(PVIF10%,3) + $10,000(PVIF10%,4)
+ $ 7,000(PVIF10%,5)
$40,000 = $10,000(0.909) +
$12,000(0.826) + $15,000(0.751) +
$10,000(0.683) + $ 7,000(0.621)
13.14 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
IRR Solution (Try 15%)
$40,000 = $10,000(PVIF15%,1) +
$12,000(PVIF15%,2) +
$15,000(PVIF15%,3) + $10,000(PVIF15%,4)
+ $ 7,000(PVIF15%,5)
$40,000 = $10,000(0.870) +
$12,000(0.756) + $15,000(0.658) +
$10,000(0.572) + $ 7,000(0.497)
13.15 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
IRR Solution (Interpolate)
0.10$41,444
X $1,444
0.05 IRR $40,000 $4,603
0.15$36,841
=
X $1,444 0.05
$4,603
13.16 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
IRR Solution (Interpolate)
0.10$41,444
X $1,444
0.05 IRR $40,000 $4,603
0.15$36,841
=
X $1,444 0.05
$4,603
13.17 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
IRR Solution (Interpolate)
0.10$41,444
X $1,444
0.05 IRR $40,000 $4,603
0.15$36,841
X= X = 0.0157
($1,444)(0.05)
IRR = 0.10 + 0.0157 = 0.1157 or 11.57%
$4,603
13.18 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
IRR Acceptance Criterion
The management of Basket Wonders
has determined that the hurdle rate
is 13% for projects of this type.
Should this project be accepted?
13.19 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
IRRs on the Calculator
13.20 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Actual IRR Solution Using
Your Financial Calculator
Steps in the Process
Step 1: Press CF key
Step 2: Press 2nd CLR Work keys
Step 3: For CF0 Press -40000 Enter keys
Step 4: For C01 Press 10000 Enter keys
Step 5: For F01 Press 1 Enter keys
Step 6: For C02 Press 12000 Enter keys
Step 7: For F02 Press 1 Enter keys
Step 8: For C03 Press 15000 Enter keys
Step 9: For F03 Press 1 Enter keys
13.21 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Actual IRR Solution Using
Your Financial Calculator
Steps in the Process (Part II)
Step 10:For C04 Press 10000 Enter keys
Step 11:For F04 Press 1 Enter keys
Step 12:For C05 Press 7000 Enter keys
Step 13:For F05 Press 1 Enter keys
Step 14: Press keys
Step 15: Press IRR key
Step 16: Press CPT key
13.23 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Net Present Value (NPV)
13.24 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
NPV Solution
Basket Wonders has determined that the
appropriate discount rate (k) for this
project is 13%.
NPV = $10,000 +$12,000 +$15,000 +
(1.13)1 (1.13)2 (1.13)3
$10,000 $7,000
4 + 5 - $40,000
(1.13) (1.13)
13.25 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
NPV Solution
NPV = $10,000(PVIF13%,1) + $12,000(PVIF13%,2) +
$15,000(PVIF13%,3) + $10,000(PVIF13%,4) + $
7,000(PVIF13%,5) – $40,000
NPV = $10,000(0.885) + $12,000(0.783) +
$15,000(0.693) + $10,000(0.613) + $
7,000(0.543) – $40,000
NPV = $8,850 + $9,396 + $10,395 +
$6,130 + $3,801 – $40,000
= - $1,428
13.26 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
NPV Acceptance Criterion
The management of Basket Wonders
has determined that the required
rate is 13% for projects of this type.
Should this project be accepted?
13.27 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
NPV on the Calculator
Thre
e of t h
10 ese
p oint
s ar e
eas
y no
5 IRR w!
NPV@13%
0
-4
0 3 6 9 12 15
Discount Rate (%)
13.32 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Creating NPV Profiles
Using the Calculator
13.35 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
PI Strengths
and Weaknesses
Strengths: Weaknesses:
Same as NPV Same as NPV
Allows Provides only
comparison of relative profitability
different scale Potential Ranking
projects Problems
13.36 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Evaluation Summary
13.38 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Other Project
Relationships
• Dependent – A project whose
acceptance depends on the
acceptance of one or more other
projects.
Mutually Exclusive – A project whose
acceptance precludes the acceptance
of one or more alternative projects.
13.39 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Potential Problems
Under Mutual Exclusivity
Ranking of project proposals may
create contradictory results.
A. Scale of Investment
B. Cash-flow Pattern
C. Project Life
13.40 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
A. Scale Differences
Compare a small (S) and a
large (L) project.
A. Scale Differences
Year CF - Small CF - Large
0 $ (100) $ (100,000)
1 $ - $ - Graph the NPV Profiles for 'Small' and 'Large'
2 $ 400 $ 156,250
projects
$350.00 $60,000.00
Discount rate: 10%
IRR: 100.00% 25.00%
$300.00
NPV: $ 230.58 $ 29,132.23 $50,000.00
PI: 3.31 1.29
$250.00
$40,000.00
BEST!!
Greatest NPV $200.00
$30,000.00
$150.00 NPV - Small
project at various
Project I discount rates.
400
NPV@10%
200
IRR
Project D
0
-200
0 5 10 15 20 25
Discount Rate (%)
13.46 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
600
Net Present Value ($)
Fisher’s Rate of Intersection
At k>10%, D is best!
0 5 10 15 20 25
Discount Rate ($)
13.47 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Remember to refer to Excel spreadsheet
‘VW13E-13b.xlsx’ and the ‘Pattern’ tab.
0 $ (1,200) $ (1,200)
1 $ 1,000 $ 100
2 $ 500 $ 600
3 $ 100 $ 1,080
$300.00
Rate NPV - Decrease NPV Increase NPV - Decrease
0% $400.00 $580.00 NPV Increase
$200.00
2% $355.21 $492.45
4% $312.72 $411.00 $100.00
6% $272.36 $335.13
8% $233.98 $264.33 $0.00
10% $197.45 $198.20 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 22% 24%
12% $162.63 $136.32 ($100.00)
14% $129.42 $78.37
16% $97.72 $24.01 ($200.00)
18% $67.41 ($27.02)
20% $38.43 ($75.00)
22%
24%
$10.67
($15.92)
($120.15)
($162.69)
Refer to VW13E-13b.xlsx on the ‘Pattern’ tab.
13.48 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
C. Project Life Differences
Let us compare a long life (X) project
and a short life (Y) project.
Year 0 1 2 3
CF –$1,000 $0 $0 $2,420
–$1,000 $2,000
–1,000 $2,000
–1,000 $2,000
–$1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $2,000
Results: IRR = 100% NPV* = $2,238.17
*Higher NPV, but the same IRR. Y is Best.
13.53 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Remember to refer to Excel spreadsheet
‘VW13E-13b.xlsx’ and the ‘Life2’ tab.
13.56 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Choosing by IRRs for BW
Project ICO IRR NPV PI
C $ 5,000 37% $ 5,500 2.10 F
15,000 28 21,000 2.40 E 12,500
26 500 1.04 B 5,000 25
6,500 2.30
Projects C, F, and E have the
three largest IRRs.
The resulting increase in shareholder wealth
is $27,000 with a $32,500 outlay.
13.57 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Choosing by NPVs for BW
Project ICO IRR NPV PI
F $15,000 28% $21,000 2.40 G
17,500 19 7,500 1.43 B 5,000
25 6,500 2.30
Projects F and G have the two
largest NPVs.
The resulting increase in shareholder wealth
is $28,500 with a $32,500 outlay.
13.58 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Choosing by PIs for BW
Project ICO IRR NPV PI
F $15,000 28% $21,000 2.40 B
5,000 25 6,500 2.30 C 5,000
37 5,500 2.10 D 7,500 20
5,000 1.67 G 17,500 19 7,500
1.43
Projects F, B, C, and D have the four largest PIs.
The resulting increase in shareholder wealth is
$38,000 with a $32,500 outlay.
13.59 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
Summary of Comparison
Method Projects Accepted Value Added
PI F, B, C, and D $38,000
NPV F and G $28,500
IRR C, F, and E $27,000
25
–100
0 40 80 120 160 200
Discount Rate (%)
13.64 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
NPV Profile – Multiple IRRs
13.65 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.