INDUSTRIAL

TRAINING
AT
LASTEC,DRDO

PRESENTED BY: YATIN BHATIA

0831154906
 HISTORY OF DRDO
Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO) was formed in 1958 from the
amalgamation of the then already functioning Technical Development Establishment (TDEs)
of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development & Production (DTDP) with
the Defence Science Organization (DSO).

DRDO was then a small organization with 10 establishments or laboratories. Over the years,
it has grown multi-directionally in terms of the variety of subject disciplines, number of
laboratories, achievements and stature.
Today, DRDO is a network of 51 laboratories which are deeply engaged in developing
defence technologies covering various disciplines, like aeronautics, armaments, electronics,
combat vehicles, engineering systems, instrumentation, missiles, advanced computing and
simulation, special materials, naval systems, life sciences, training, information systems and
agriculture.
Presently, the Organization is backed by over 5000 scientists and about 25,000 other
scientific, technical and supporting personnel.
Several major projects for the development of missiles, armaments, light combat aircrafts,
radars, electronic warfare systems etc are on hand and significant achievements have already
been made in several such technologies.
 LASER SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY CENTER
The Laser  Science and Technology Centre had its beginning in 1950 as the
Defence Science Laboratory (DSL) established as a nucleus laboratory of DRDO
(then known as Defence Science Organization). In the beginning, DSL operated
from the National Physical Laboratory building. Later, on April 9th 1960, it was
shifted to Metcalfe House and Menon inaugurated by then Defence Minister Dr.
Krishna in the presence of Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru.

DSL had seeded for as many as 15 present DRDO labs with core groups working
in many diverse areas. In 1982, the Laboratory moved to a new technical building
in Metcalfe House complex and was rechristened as Defence Science Centre. The
centre consolidated its R&D activities towards more specific and application
oriented areas, such as liquid fuel technology, spectroscopy, crystallography,
system engineering, biotechnology etc. DSC also was given a new charter of
duties with its major thrust on LASERS. In 1986, the centre was made responsible
for the development of high power lasers for Defence applications as one of its
major missions. The lab has got its present identity as “Laser Science &
Technology Centre” on 1 Aug 1999 since it is working in laser and related areas.
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
• Operational amplifiers are used in today’s world in almost every technical field.
Thus it is very important to check whether the op-amp to be used in an application
is itself in a working condition or not. For this purpose I have designed and
developed a customized op-amp IC tester to be used at EOCM LAB, LASTEC,
DRDO for some projects undertaken by the officials at this organization.

• The op-amps which were assigned for testing are as follows :

– EL-2444(quad opamp IC)
– LM-324(quad opamp IC)
– LF-347(quad opamp IC)

– LM-358(dual opamp IC)

– LM-311(voltage comparator).
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction  
1. Introduction to 8051 microcontroller
2. Analog to Digital Converter
3. LCD Implementation
4. Operational amplifiers Used
2. Project Schematic
1. Power Supply
2. Control Unit
3. Display Unit
3. Working
4. Working Project Snapshots
5. Result and Conclusion
6. Future Scope
7. Appendixes
 INTRODUCTION TO 8051
MICROCONTROLLER
• The Intel 8051 microcontroller is one of the most popular general purpose
microcontrollers in use today. The success of the Intel 8051 spawned a number of clones
which are collectively referred to as the MCS-51 family of microcontrollers, which
includes chips from vendors such as Atmel, Philips, Infineon, Dallas and Texas
Instruments.

• The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available operations
are limited to 8 bits .Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:
• 8-bit data bus
• 16-bit address bus
• 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits
• 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).
• 3 internal and 2 external interrupts.
• Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.
• Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).
• 16-bit program counter and data pointer
Typical applications
8051 chips are used in a wide variety of control systems, telecom applications, robotics, relays as
well as in the automotive industry. By some estimation, 8051 family chips make up over 50% of
the embedded chip market.

Pin Description
 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER
• An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is a device which
converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. The reverse operation is
performed by a digital-to-analog converter(DAC).
• Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage (or
current) to a digital number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current.

Resolution
• The resolution of the converter indicates the number of discrete values it can
produce over the range of analog values. The values are usually stored
electronically in binary form, so the resolution is usually expressed in bits. In
consequence, the number of discrete values available, or "levels", is usually a
power of two. For example, an ADC with a resolution of 8 bits can encode an
analog input to one in 256 different levels, since 28 = 256. The values can represent
the ranges from 0 to 255 (i.e. unsigned integer) or from -128 to 127 (i.e. signed
integer), depending on the application.
• Resolution can also be defined electrically, and expressed in volts. The voltage
resolution of an ADC is equal to its overall voltage measurement range divided by
the number of discrete intervals
Since a practical ADC cannot make an instantaneous conversion, the input value must
necessarily be held constant during the time that the converter performs a conversion
(called the conversion time).

Pin Description
ACQUISITION TIME
There is a minimum time delay between the falling edge of RD and the next falling edge of the
CONVST signal. This is the minimum acquisition time required of the track-and-hold in order to
maintain 8-bit performance
 Liquid Crystal Display

• Liquid Crystal Display or LCD is an electronically-modulated optical device shaped into

a thin, flat panel made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels filled with
liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector.
HD44780 Protocol for LCD:
• The LCDs available now run on the HD44780 protocol. It utilizes the Hitachi controller
for processing the data sent to the LCD. The pin description of the LCD is
• Vcc – 5V power supply
• Vss – Ground
• Vee – Power to control contrast
• RS – Register Select, RS = 0 for command register and RS = 1 for data register
• R/W – Read/Write Control, R/W=0 for write and R/W=1 for read
• E – Enable
• DB0-7- 8 bit data bus which can be command or data
WORING OF THE PROJECT
BLOCK DIAGRAM
BASIC LOGIC DIAGRAM FOR
TESTING
CONTROL UNIT
DISPLAY UNIT
 WORKING
• Power supply for operational amplifiers, LCD, ADC, microcontroller is obtained by using a bridge
rectifier, LM7805 and LM7905 voltage regulators.
• Op-amps are given inputs of 1 volt and at inverting and non inverting terminals respectively to give
differential output when BJT is OFF; and inputs of zero volt and 1 volt at inverting and non inverting
terminals respectively to give differential output when BJT is ON.
• LM324, LF347, and EL2444 all being quad opamp and having same pin configuration can be fitted to
same IC base1. LM358 being dual opamp is fitted to IC base2. LM311 being a voltage comparator is
fitted to IC base3.
• The outputs from opamps are fed to AD7829BN (analog to digital converter) which quantizes output
voltage of operational amplifiers into a 8 bit data.
• This 8-bit data from ADC is fed to P1 port of AT89S52 microcontroller directly.
• Now by comparing this value with expected voltage we check the first set of outputs for BJT switched off.
• In case the voltage level obtained does not lie between expected range then op-amp port is termed as
BAD, otherwise BJT is triggered into saturation to change the input conditions of all the op-amps.
• Now again ADC operation is started and 8-bit data is fed to the microcontroller.
• In this case if voltage levels do not change as expected then Opamp port is termed as BAD. But if the
output in both the cases lies between the expected range then the opamp port is termed as GOOD.
• Above steps are repeated for different outputs from opamps by selecting the address lines (channels A, B,
C) of 8-bit 8channel ADC.
• The output from LM311 is directly fed to pin P2.3 as this comparator gives a high logic (5 volt) or low
logic (zero volt).
• The respective ports along with message GOOD/BAD are printed on to the LCD which is connected to P0
port via pull-up resistors as P0 port is open collector port.
• The control unit consists of ADC and microcontroller whereas Display unit consists of IC bases along
with respective switches and LCD display.
OTHER IMPORTANT OP-AMP ICs
TESTED BY THIS TESTER
QUAD OP-AMP DUAL OP-AMP VOLTAGE COMPARATOR
– LM-149 LF-353 LM111
– LM-348 LM-1458 LM211
– LM-2902 LM8272 LM106
– LS-404 LF442 LM306
– LM-837 LM342 LM710
– LM3303 LM341 LF311
– LM3304 LM652
– LF147 TL082
– LF347 TL072
– TL084 TL062
– TL074 LM2904
– TL064 LM258
– LMC660 LM158
 APPENDIXES
Books referred:
• 8051 Microcontroller by Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillespie
Mazidi, Rolin D. McKinley
• 8051 Microcontroller by Rajiv Kapadia.

Websites referred:
• En.Wikipedia.org
• Atmel.com
• 8052.com
• National.com