Marine Electrical Engineering

( A CONDENSED VERSION FOR EMTI STUDENTS)

AC MOTORS
PRACTICE
 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Parts of the Motor

NDE END SH IELD FIN(S) STATOR

FAN
DE END SH IELD

DE BEARING

ROTOR SH AFT
T.B.
KEYWAY
BEARING CAP
FRAME SIZE

FAN COVER

NDE BEARING MOUNTING BOLTS

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Classes of Insulation
 Class A “Max.Temp” 105C
 Class E “Do” 120C
 Class B “Do” 130C
 Class H “Do” 155C
 Class F “Do” 180 C
 Class C “Do” above 180 C

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Ingress Protection
 Mating surfaces of end shields,bearing caps and
terminal boxes are suitably constructed to prevent
entry of dust and moisture.
 Degree of ingress protection is classified as
IP 40,IP 50 etc. The first digit is for dust and the
second is for moisture classification.

An example - IP 54 is dust & waterproof
IP 55 is dust & Hose proof
IP56 is dust & splash proof
Motors in weather deck are of IP 56 type
(FOR TRAINING ONLY)
 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Types of Bearings
 Sleeve Bearings - For Large Motors
 Ball Bearings – normally for Drive end
 Roller Bearings – normally for Non Drive
end
 Angular Contact Bearings – for Vertical
Motors

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Effects of Bearing wear

 Motors have small and equal air gaps
between stator and rotor.
 Excessive bearing wear will cause the rotor to
rub against the stator, resulting in damage to
the magnetic core and windings.
 Excessive bearing wear causes unequal
magnetic attraction of the rotor, thus creating
additional load on the bearings, heating of the
bearings and set up vibrations of the motor.
(FOR TRAINING ONLY)
 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Seizure of Bearings
 Can occur if the motor shaft is heated.
 As it heats, the shaft becomes larger and the bearing
has to shift in the end shield by the same amount.
 In ball bearings with close axial clearance, if the outer
race of the bearings fits too tightly in the endshield
housing, the balls will be jammed between the races
as the shaft becomes heated.
 As a result, the bearings become stiff and may even
stop rotating.
 This fault is eliminated by relieving the fit of the
bearing race in the endshield bearing housing.

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

Bearing Inspection & Renewal
 Before opening up a bearing, the space around the motor to be
clean & dry.
 Remove endshields taking care not to damage the winding
overhangs.
 Use bearing pullers of the correct size.
 Clean bearings ( if to be reused) in a solvent and dry them
using clean and dry compressed air.
 Lightly lubricate taking care not to overfill.
 Ensure shaft is clean and apply a light coat of grease.
 Tap the bearing in place applying light, uniform force on the
inner race of the bearing as close as possible.
 While replacing, use bearing of correct size and clearance.
 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

General Motor Failures

 Insulation Breakdown due to
a. Over voltage b. Over current
c. Over temperature d. Loss of ventilation
e. Absorption of moisture/contaminants
 Single Phasing – Open or short-ckt.of one phase winding
 Failure of mechanical components viz.
a. Worn out Bearings
b. Cracked Endshields
c. Loose Bed bolts
d. Unbalanced components (Rotor, Fan)

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Causes of failure
 Environmental Stress
 Electrical Stress
 Mechanical Stress
 Thermal Stress usually caused by one
of, or combination of the stresses
above

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Causes of Failure due to

Environmental Stresses
 Pollution – Dust/Dirt accumulation in T.B.s
 Corrosion – of hardware used for connections
 High Humidity – Results in moisture
accumulation in T.B.s
 High ambient Temperature – causes
accelerated ageing of insulation
 Climate – Rain/Water washing

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Causes of Failures
Electrical Stresses
 Overvoltage – Switching/Lightning surges
 Overcurrent – Motors running above rated
load and due to undervoltage conditions
 High Contact resistance – improper cable
terminations
 Single Phasing
 Tracking in T.B.s

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Causes of Failure
Mechanical Stresses
 Vibration – Loose bed bolts, unbalanced
components (rotor, fans)
 Loose contacts/overtightening
 Broken/Cracked insulators,terminal bars,studs
etc.
 Improper end terminations
 Straining of cables due to cramped
housing/glanding
 Defective Bearings
(FOR TRAINING ONLY)
 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Motor Overload Protection

POWER SUPPLY MODERN OVERLOAD RELAYS P ROTECT TH E MOTOR
AGAINST 'OVERLOADING' AND 'SINGLE-PH ASING'
R Y B
O/L RELAY IS TH E FIRST ONE TO ACT IN TH E
CONTROL EVENT OF A FAULT AND P ROVIDES TH E PRIMARY
VOLTAGE PROTECTION FOR TH E MOTOR
FUSES Q1
BACK-UP PROTECTION TH REE BI-METAL ELEMENTS, EACH CARRYING TH E
LINE CURRENT, H EAT UP AND WH EN TH E LINE
CURRENT EXCEEDS TH E RATED FULL LOAD CURRENT,
CONTACTOR CONTACTOR BEND AND OPEN A CONTACT IN TH E CIRCUIT OF
C1 COIL TH E CONTACTOR COIL TH EREBY DISCONNECTING
TH E MOTOR FROM TH E POWER SUPPLY.

O/L RELAY IN CASE TH E 0/L RELAY FAILS TO OPERATE IN TH E

WITH SINGLE PH ASING O/L CONTACT EVENT OF OVERLOAD (OR) IF A SH ORT-CIRCUIT,
(DIFFERENTIAL P ROTECTION) F1
OR A LOCKED ROTOR CONDITION TAKES PLACE,
PRIMARY PROTECTION TH E MAIN FUSE(S) BLOW AND SAFEGUARD TH E
U1 V1 W1 MOTOR AGAINST EXCESSIVE CURRENT. FUSES,
TH EREFORE, PROVIDE TH E BACK-UP PROTECTION.

M FUSES MAY BE REPLACED BY CIRCUIT BREAKERS WITH

~ SH OR T CIRCUIT PROTECTION.

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Single Phasing

L1 L1
F3

F2

L2 L2

L3 L3
F1

A THR EE PH ASE MOTOR IS SAID TO BE SINGLE-PH ASING WH EN

O NE OF THE MAIN FU SES IS BLOWN - F1 ( OR )

ONE OF TH E FEEDER LINES IS O PEN-CIR CU ITED - F2 (OR )
ONE OF TH E WINDINGS IS OPEN-CIR CU ITED - F3.

IF SINGLE PH ASING OCCUR S DUR ING STAR TING
MOTOR WILL FAIL TO START.
R EPEATED ATTEMPTS TO STAR T WILL CAU SE THE MOTOR
TO EXPER IENCE 'LOCKED-R OTOR ' CONDITION LEADING TO
BUR N OUT OF THE WINDINGS
IF SINGLE PHASING OCCURS DURING RUNNING
MOTOR WILL CONTINUE TO R UN AS A SINGLE PHASE MOTOR . TWO OF THE WINDINGS
WILL CAR R Y MOR E THAN ITS R ATED CURR ENT. ONE WINDING WILL NOT CARR Y ANY
LEADING TO UNEQUAL H EATING & EVENTUAL BURN OUT OF THE MOTOR.
IF MOTOR IS LIGHTLY LOADED, THE OVER LOAD MAY NOT TRIP AS THE O/L RELAY
MEASUR ES ONLY THE LINE CUR RENT.

IMPR OVED PR OTECTION IS GIVEN BY THERMISTORS PLACED IN

THE WINDINGS TO MEASUR E THER MAL EFFECTS ANS TR IP OUT THE MOTOR .
PROLONGED RUNNING AS A SINGLE PHASE MOTOR MAY RESULT
IN THE BU RN OUT OF THE WINDINGS.
 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Routine Inspection
 General Cleanliness
 Clogging of fins, blocking of ventilation
 Feel (By touch) for any unusual temp of Bearings,
rotor or stator
 Listen for any unusual sound from bearings or
vibrations due to loose bed-bolts.
 Look for any unusual variations in the motor current
(where local ammeters are provided) and for
Condition of earthing leads.

(FOR TRAINING ONLY

 PREPARED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Routine Testing
 Insulation resistance
 Winding resistance
 No load current
 Protective devices

(FOR TRAINING ONLY