A Session On

Protection System & Its

Applications
A Warm Welcome To
The Delegates of

JK PAPER LTD
SONGADH

Presented
By
EXPEL PROSYS
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY PROTECTION?

PROTECTION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS

OF POWER SYSTEM AGAINST VARIOUS
TYPES OF SYSTEM FAULTS

EXPEL PROSYS
VARIOUS TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS

 GENERATORS
 TRANSFORMERS
 MOTORS
 FEEDERS
 TRANSMISSION LINES
 CAPACITORS
 BUS BARS

EXPEL PROSYS
VARIOUS TYPE OF FALUTS

 R-Y-B-G OR R-Y-B (Symmetrical Fault)

 R-Y
 Y-B
 B-R
 R-Y-G
 Y-B-G (Unsymmetrical Faults)
 B-R-G
 R-G
 Y-G
 B-G
EXPEL PROSYS
 POWER SYSTEM - FAULTS
Current
Over Load Voltage
Over Current Over Vol. Power
Earth Fault Under Vol. Over power
Current Unb. Voltage Unb. Under power
Dir. Over Neutral shift Reverse power
Cur.
Dir. Earth Fault

Computed
Control/Mgmt.
Over fluxing
Frequency Synchronising
Loss of field
Over Freq. Load sharing
Diff. O/C
Under Freq. Islanding
Restricted E/F
dF/dT Load shedding
Under Imp.

EXPEL PROSYS
PURPOSE OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS

 TO DETECT ABNORMALITIES (FAULTS)

 TO ELIMINATE SUCH ABNORMALITIES
By isolating smallest portion of the system
In a shortest period of time.

 TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO
EQUIPMENTS
 TO PREVENT INJURIES TO
PERSONNEL
EXPEL PROSYS
PROTECTION – ANSI CODES

EXPEL PROSYS
HOW TO INTERPRET TYPE OF
PROTECTION FROM ANSI NOS?
 14 - LOCKED ROTOR
 21 - DISTANCE
 24 - OVER FLUX
 25 - CHECK
 27 - SYNCHRINISING
 32F - U/V
 32L - LOW FORWARD POWER
 40 - REVERSE POWER
 46 - LOSS OF FIELD
 49 - UNBALANCE
 50/50N - THERMAL OVERLOAD
 51/51N - INSTANTANEOUS O/C & E/F
 59 - TIME DELAYED PHASE OC & E/F
 64 - O/V
 6767N REF
 74TC - - DIRECTIONAL O/C & E/F
 81 - TRIP CKT SUPERVISION
 87 - FREQ.
DIFFERENTIAL

EXPEL PROSYS
RELAY OPERATION WHEN A FAULT OCCURS

 Each relay should protect a

specific zone in the
system
 If fault is inside its zone,
relay should operate and
isolate the zone

 If fault is outside zone,

Relay should not operate –
Some other relay should operate and
isolate EXPEL PROSYS
INPUT & OUTPUT OF RELAYS

INPUT

CURRENT CTs
VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY PTs
POWER
PTs
CTs
OUTPUT +
PTs
TRIP CONTACT

EXPEL PROSYS
 MEDIUM VOLTAGE FEEDER PROTECTION

 COMBINATION OF TWO O/C AND ONE E/F RELAY IS

USED TO PROTECT THE U/G LINE OR O/H LINE.

 THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE RELAY IS IDMTL

(INVERS DEFINATE MINIMUM TIME LAG )

 THIS RELAY PROVIDES PROTECTION AGAINST

OVERLOAD, EARTH FAULT OR SHORT CIRCUIT ON
THE LINE OR FEEDER.

EXPEL PROSYS
 TYPE OF O/C AND E/F RELAY

 CHARACTERISTIC - INVERSE
- VERY INVERSE
- EXT. INVERSE
 CURRENT - 1 AMPS RELAY
- 5 AMPS RELAY

 AUX. SUPPLY - 24,110,220 V D.C

- SELF POWER RELAY

 ADD FEATURE - INST. ELEMENT OR

HIGH SET ELEMENT

EXPEL PROSYS
 BASIC SETTING OF PROTECTIVE RELAY

PICK UP SETTING PS (PLUG SETTING

LOW SET/HIGH SET % of CT RATING

TMS (TIME MULTIPLIER

TIME DELAY SETTING
DEFINITE TIME/INVERSE TIME SETTING)

EXPEL PROSYS
 TYPICAL IDMT CHARACTERISTICS
AS PER IEC

TMS=1
I/Is=2 I/Is=4 I/Is=6 I/Is=8 I/Is=10 I/Is=15

Normal Inv 3 sec 10.0 5.03 3.87 3.33 3.0 2.54 2.29

Normal Inv 1.3 sec 4.39 2.18 1.68 1.44 1.3 1.1 0.99

Very Inverse 13.5 4.5 2.7 1.93 1.5 0.96 0.71

Extremely Inverse 26.66 5.33 2.28 1.27 0.81 0.36 0.20

EXPEL PROSYS
 CONNECTION DIA OF O/C & E/F RELAY
R Y B C.T
C.B P1 P2

S1 S2

BUSBAR B O/C
R O/C

E/F

EXPEL PROSYS
 CONNECTION DIA OF O/C & E/F RELAY
R Y B
C.B C.T

FAULT
BUSBAR R O/C B O/C

B PHASE TO
E/F
EARTH FAULT

EXPEL PROSYS
 CONNECTION DIA OF O/C & E/F RELAY
R Y B C.T
C.B

FAULT

BUSBAR B O/C
R O/C

PHASE TO
E/F
PHASE FAULT

EXPEL PROSYS
 PARALLEL FEEDER PROTECTION

 DIRECTIONAL RELAY IS PROVIDED WHERE

MORE THAN ONE FEEDER ARE IN PARALLEL

 AT SENDING END SIDE ONLY IDMTL

RELAY IS PROVIDED WHILE AT RECEIVING
END SIDE IDMTL WITH DIRECTIONAL
FEATURES IS PROVIDED

EXPEL PROSYS
 PARALLEL FEEDER PROTECTION
SOURCE
SENDING END

BREAKER
DIRECTION FOR R R O/C & E/F IDMTL RELAY
OPERATION

NORMAL LOAD FLOW

DIRECTION FOR R
OPERATION R DIR. O/C & E/F IDMTL
RELAY

RECEIVING
END

LOAD
EXPEL PROSYS
 PARALLEL FEEDER PROTECTION
SOURCE
SENDING END

BREAKER
DIRECTION FOR R R O/C & E/F IDMTL RELAY
OPERATION

NORMAL LOAD FLOW

DIRECTION FOR R
OPERATION R DIR. O/C & E/F IDMTL
RELAY

RECEIVING
END

FAULT

LOAD
EXPEL PROSYS
 PARALLEL FEEDER PROTECTION
SOURCE
SENDING END

BREAKER

DIRECTION FOR R C.T R O/C & E/F IDMTL RELAY

OPERATION

FAULT

DIRECTION FOR R
OPERATION R DIR. O/C & E/F IDMTL
RELAY

RECEIVING
END

LOAD
EXPEL PROSYS
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS

ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS : EXISTING FROM 1900

- RUGGED AND RELIABLE
- ATTRACTED ARMATURE / DISC TYPE / CUP TYPE
- SLOW AND SLUGGISH OPERATION
- HIGH ERROR (UPTO 10%) OF MEASUREMENT
- HIGH BURDEN ON CT AND PT
- DRIFT IN CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO AGEING
- NO FLEXIBILITY IN USE SO BECOME REDUNDANT
WHEN SYSTEM GROWS
- BIGGER DIMENSIONS & FREQUENT
MAINTENANCE

EXPEL PROSYS
 DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS

STATIC RELAYS : EXISTING FROM 1970

- FASTER OPERATION
- MORE ACCURATE
- LOW BURDEN ON CT/PT
- COMPACT SIZE

- LESS MAINTENANCE

- NOT MUCH FLEXIBILITY IN APPLICATION

- NO MEMORY FEATURES OF PREVIOUS FAULTS

- NO SELF SUPERVISION

- FREQUENCY DEPENDENT OPERATION

EXPEL PROSYS
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS

MICROPROCESSOR RELAYS : EXISTING FROM 1980

- SMALLER SIZE RESULTING INTO SPACE SAVING AND ECONOMY.
- DIGITAL DISPLAY OF ALL VALUES.
- AMPLE PROGRAMMING FACILITIES LIKE:
SELECTION OF REQUIRED CHARTERTISICS
EXACT SETTING FROM A WIDE RANGE OUTPUT
RELAY PROGRAMMING BLOCKING OF
SELECTED FUNCTIONS
SELF SUPERVISION OF RELAY FUNCTIONALITY
USER PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC FUNCTIONS
- VERY HIGH ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENT.
- LOW BURDEN OF CT/ PT RESULTING INTO:
ECONOMICAL DESIGN OF CT AND PT
ALLOW CABLING OF THINNER CROSS SECTION.
OVER ALL COST SAVING
- NO VARIATION IN RELAY CHARACTERISTICS
- HISTORY OF PREVIOUS FAULT
- MAINTENANCE FREE DESIGN
- SIMPLER ENGINEERING.

EXPEL PROSYS
 DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS

COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES:

CONNECTED TO A HIGHER LEVEL SYSTEM LIKE:

- A MONITORING SYSTEM
- DATA ACQUISITION/ EVENT REPORTING SYSTEM
- SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA
ACQUISITION
(SCADA) SYSTEM
- ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

COMMUNICATION CAPABILITY IS A VERY POWERFUL

FEATURE WHICH ALLOWS USER TO BUILD IN
“ DISTRIBUTION -AUTOMATION SYSTEM”

EXPEL PROSYS
? ?
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QUESTIONS ?

? ?
EXPEL PROSYS
THANK YOU

EXPEL PROSYS