ER.A.S.Brar,Dy.

Director/P&C
PROTECTION AND CONTROL OF
BHAKRA POWER HOUSES
1.PROTECTION:
 HELPS IN SAFE RUNNING /WORKING OF VARIOUS EQUIPMENT
NAMELY TURBINE ,GENERATOR,TRANSFORMER,SWITHCHYARD
BAY EQUIPMENT,AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT WITHIN SPECIFIED
PARAMETERS.
 ISOLATE FAULTY EQUIPMENT IF ABNORMAL CONDITION ARISES.
2.CONTROL:
 CONTROLLED STARTING,STOPPING AND RUNNING OF
EQUIPMENT.
 IN CASE OF GENERATING UNITS,ACTIVE AND REACTIVE
POWER CONTROL ACCORDING TO GRID FREQUENCY AND
VOLTAGE.
 PROTECTION CLASSIFICATION
OF BHAKRA POWER HOUSES

UNIT
PROTECTION

HYDRO
ELECTRICAL
MECHANICAL

GENERATOR , LINK LINE ,

TRANSFORMER, TRANSMISSION- BUS BARS
U.A.T LINE
 CLASSIFICATION OF
CONTROL
UNIT CONTROL

GOVERNING EXCITATION
SYSTEM SYSTEM

ELECTRICAL/ POWER &CONTROL AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE

HYDRAULIC
ELECTRONIC SECTION REGULATOR
PROTECTION REQUIREMENT
 SPEED - Minimum damage / PSS
 RELIABILITY- must operate when required
 SECURITY– REFRAIN when not intended
 SELECTIVITY- Discrimination
 STABILITY –NO operation under through
fault/ heavy loading
 SENSITIVITY- Detection at incipient stage
 BACK UP FOR RELAY FAILURE .
 BACK UP FOR C.B. FAILURE.
 NO BLIND SPOT
 VITAL LINKS OF PROT.SYSTEM

 CT , CVT/PT
 D.C. SUPPLY
 CIRCUIT BREAKER
 RELAY
 COMMUNICATION
 CONTROL WIRING
 TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE GAUGES
 FLOW RELAYS
 SPEED RELAYS
 STAGES OF PROTECTION:
• ALARM ONLY
• TRIPPING OF GENERATOR BREAKER
• TRIPPING OF GENERATOR BREAKER AND FIELD
BREAKER,MACHINE RUNNING MECHANICALLY AT
100% SPEED-PARTIAL SHUT DOWN
• AS ABOVE AND CLOSING OF GUIDE
VANES,MACHINE COMING TO DEAD STOP-
COMPLETE SHUT DOWN
• AS ABOVE WITH OPERATION OF EMERGENCY
SLIDE VALVE
• AS ABOVE WITH PENSTOCK GATE DROPPING
 1 GENERATOR
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:
• TO RESPOND QUICKLY TO A PHASE FAULT WITH
DAMAGING HEAVY CURRENT.
• HIGH SPEED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION IS APPLIED
TO GENERATORS RATED IN EXCESS OF 1 MVA.
• FOR LARGE GENERATING UNITS, FAST FAULT
CLEARANCE WILL ALSO MAINTAIN STABILITY OF MAIN
POWER SYSTEM.
• RESULTS IN TRIPPING OF MACHINE BREAKER,FIELD
BREAKER,EXCITATION GOING IN INVERSION
MODE,TRIPPING OF UAT,TURBINE
SHUTDOWN,CARBON DIOXDE RELEASE IN BARREL.

INTERNAL EXTERNAL BIASING

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL
 2.GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
OVERALL
DIFFERENTIALPROTECTION:
• BOTH FOR GENERATOR AND TRANSFORMER.
• ONE CT IN GENERATOR NEUTRAL OTHER IN
TRANSFORMER HV SIDE.
• BIASING IS USED FOROVERCOMING EFFECTS OF
SATURATION OF CTs OR UNEQUAL CABLE LENGTHS.
• FOR BIASING AGAINST MAGNETIC INRUSH
CURRENTS,SECOND HARMONIC RESTRAINT IS
USED.
• RESULTS IN TRIPPING OF MACHINE BREAKER,FIELD
BREAKER,EXCITATION GOING IN INVERSION
MODE,TRIPPING OF UAT,TURBINE
SHUTDOWN,OPERATION OF SHUTOFFVALVE.
SHUTTER VALVE
OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL
 3.STATOR EARTH FAULT:
• MOST PROBABLE CAUSE OF INSULATION FAILURE
IS PHASE TO EARTH FAULT.
• RESULTS IN BURNING OR WELDING OF STATOR
CORE,WHICH LEADS TO HOT SPOTS.
• MAY LEAD TO FIRE IN FORCED COOLED MACHINES.
• VOLTAGE TYPE RELAY CONNECTED IN OPEN DELTA
COVERS ABOUT 90% OF WINDING.
• RELAY ACTIVATED BY ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGE
THIRD HARMONIC COMPONENT COVERS
REMAINING PORTION OF STATOR.(NEAR NEUTRAL)
• RESULTS IN PARTIAL SHUTDOWN.
Stator earth fault
 4.OVERVOLTAGE
PROTECTION:
• DEFECTIVE AVR WHEN MACHINE IS
ISOLATED.
• OPERATION UNDER MANUAL
CONTROL WITH AVR OUT OF SERVICE.
• SUDDEN LOSS OF LOAD.
• SUSTAINED OVERVOLTAGE IS
DANGEROUS.
• PROTECTION IS WITH TIME DELAY SO
AS TO ALLOW ACTION OF AVR.
• RESULTS IN PARTIAL SHUTDOWN.
 5.UNDERVOLTAGE
PRORECTION:
• OPERATES WHEN THE THREE PHASE VOLTAGES
FALLS BELOW THE COMMON SET POINT.
• CAN BE INTERLOCKED WITH THE FIELD FAILURE
TO PREVENT OPERATION DURING STABLE
POWER SWINGS.
• CAN BE USED TO INITIATE DEAD MACHINE
PROTECTION.
• CAN DETECT FAILURE OF AVR OR SYSTEM
FAULTS.
• A DEDICATED INPUT IS PROVIDED TO BLOCK THE
OPERATION OF THE UNDER VOLTAGE DURING
THE STARTING & STOPPING OF THE MACHINE
 6.NEGETIVE SEQUENCE
CURRENT PROTECTION:
• DOUBLE FREQUENCY CURRENT
CAUSES SEVERE HEATING OF ROTOR.
• HEATED ROTOR SLOT WEDGES IF
COME TO SOFTENING POINT MAY BE
EXTRUDED BY CENTRIFUGAL
FORCES.
• THREE STAGE PROTECTION AT
BHAKRA PP-II VIZ.10%,34%,56%.
• RESULTS IN PARTIAL SHUTDOWN
 7.ROTOR EARTH FAULT :
• ROTOR DC SYSTEM IS ISOLATED FROM
EARTH,SO SINGLE GROUND IS NOT
HARMFUL.
• DANGER IF SECOND EARTH FAULT OCCURS
CAUSING HIGH FIELD CURRENT TO BE
DIVERTED.
• SERIOUS ELECTRICAL/MECHANICAL
DAMAGE CAN OCCUR BECAUSE OF
UNBALANCED FIELD.
• LOW FREQUENCY INJECTION METHOD FOR
FAULT DETECTION.
• RESULTS IN PARTIAL SHUTDOWN.
ROTOR EARTH FAULT
 8.LOSS OF EXCITATION:
• TRIPPING OF FIELD BREAKER.
• MALFUCTIONING OF EXCIATION SYSTEM.
• ROTOR SPEED MAY RISE UPTO 105%.
• STATOR WILL BE OVERLOADED BECAUSE IT
HAS TO SUPPLY HEAVY REACTIVE
CURRENT ALSO.
• IMPEDENCE BASED OR CURRENT BASED
RELAYS ARE USED TO DETECT THIS
CONDITION.
• RESULTS IN PARTIAL SHUTDOWN
9.ASYCHRONOUS RUNNING :
• BECAUSE OF PARTIAL OR COMPLETE
LOSS OF EXCITATION..
• RESULTS IN RAPID OSSCILLATIONS IN
ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER.
• ACTUATION OF RELAY BY INCREASED
STATOR CURRENT.
• RESULTS IN PARTIAL SHUTDOWN.
 10.STATOR OVER HEATING:
• BECAUSE OF OVERLOAD.
• BECAUSE OF FAILURE OF COOLING
SYSTEM.
• BECAUSE OF OVER FLUXING.
• BECAUSE OF CORE FAULTS.
• PROVISION OF CO2 RELEASE IF RTD
DETECTS TEMPERATURE GREATER
THAN .
11.GENERATOR OVERLOADING:
• PLAIN OVERLOAD TYPE.
• IF LOADING IS ABOVE 120%.
• WHERE ALARM ONLY, ACTION BY
OPERATOR DESIRED.
• FOR SYMMETERICAL FAULTS.
 12.IMPEDENCE PROTECTION:
• NECESSIATED BY THE FACT THAT FOR
CLOSE UP FAULT,BECAUSE EXCITATION
SYTEM IS POWERED FROM GENERATOR
TERMINALS,FAULT CURRENT WILL
DECREMENT VERY FAST.
• ACT AS BACK UP FOR ADJACENT SECTIONS.
• TWO STAGES:FIRST CIRCLE; SECOND
ELLIPSE.
• RESULTS IN PARTIAL SHUTDOWN.
 13.LOW FORWARD POWER:
• FEATURES OF NUMERICAL GENERATOR PROTECTION
SCHEME.
• DETECTS ACTIVE POWER FLOW FROM THE SYSTEM TO
THE GENERATOR.
• THE SITUATION CAN ARISE AT THE TIME OF
SYNCHRONIZING OF THE MACHINE.
• LOW FORWARD POWER DETECTS AND OPERATES WHEN
THE FORWARD POWER FALLS BELOW SET LEVEL.
• USUALLY INTERLOCKED WITH NON URGENT
PROTECTIONS TO REDUCE OVER SPEEDING
FOLLOWING BREAKER OPERATION FOR NON URGENT
SHUT-DOWNS.
• MOTORING POWER WHICH CAN BE ALLOWED FOR
HYDRO MACHINES CAN BE 0.2-2%.
• NEEDS TO BE TIME DELAYED TO PREVENT FAULTS
TRIPPING.
14.DEAD MACHINE PROTECTION:
• WITH UNINTENTIONAL CLOSING OF THE
BREAKER, MACHINE WILL OPERATE IN A
INDUCTION GENERATOR MODE.
• THE INDUCED CURRENT IN THE ROTOR BODY
CAN CAUSE THERMAL DAMAGES.
• UNEXPECTED SHAFT ROTATION CAN ALSO
CAUSE RAPID MECHANICAL DAMAGES.
• VARIOUS PROTECTION FUNCTION CAN
RESPOND TO INADVERTENT ENERGIZATION OF
DEAD MACHINE SO UNDER VOLTAGE AND OVER
CURRENT COULD RESPOND TO THIS CONDITION.
• CAN BE INTERLOCKED WITH MANUAL tripping
logic to protect the machine in such eventualities
 15.UNIT AUX.TRANS.PROT.:
• OVER CURRENT & EARTH FAULT
PROTECTION.
• RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT
PROTECTION.
• CONTRIBUTION TO GENERATOR
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION.
• MAJOR BUCHHOLZ/WINDING
• TEMPERATURE HIGH PROTECTION
 16.UNIT TRANSFORMER
• GAS RELAY
PROTECTION
:
 ALARM FIRST STAGE

 SECOND STAGE TRIP WITH COMPLETE SHUT DOWN OF MACHINE

• TRANSFORMER OIL TEMPERATURES:
 ALARM OF UPPER LAYER TEMPERATURE TOUCHES 70°C

 TRIP WITH PARTIAL SHUT DOWN IF TEMPERAURE EXCEEDS 85°C

• COOLING FAILURE:
 PUMP FAIL TO START-ALARM

 NO WATER FLOW-ALARM

 OIL PUMP FAIL TO START FOR 45 MINUTES AT NO LOAD-TRIP

 OIL PUMP FAIL TO START FOR 30 MINUTES AT LOAD WITH TEMP

TOUCHING 70°C-TRIP

 OIL PUMP FAIL TO START FOR 10 MINUTES WITH 11KV CURRENT

9200Amps AND TEMPERATURE TOUCHING 70°C-TRIP

 COOLING WATER TEMPERATYRE 25°C-ALARM

 COOING WATER TEMPERATURE 33°C-TRIP

 GENERATOR PROTECTION
SYSTEM FAULT:
RESTRAINED O/C
T/F Neutral E/F
OVER LOAD PROT.
Field Failure
Neg. Sequence current
GEN. DIFF.
Reverse
Power

INTER TURN
STATOR E /F

OVER ALL DIFF.

T/F INTERNAL PROT.:

Buchholz ,Wdg. Temp. , Oil
temp. & PRV trip/alarm
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Differential zone
Differential
element
400/1 1200/1
100MVA , 220/66 KV
262.5A 875A
00 00
Yy0
HV REF ZONE LV REF ZONE

REF REF
HV LV
400/1 1200/1

BACK UP O/C & E/F

Over fluxing
Buchholz, WT, OT,
& PRV alarm / trip
LINE PROTECTION BASICS:
LINE PROTECTION BASICS:
LINE PROTECTION BASICS:
 LINE PROTECTION Z3
Z2
Z1

X X X X
X X
Z1
Z3 Z2

X X X X
X X

A B C D
BUS FAULT
BUS BAR PROTECTION
BUS-1

BUS-2
BUS BAR PROTECTION
ZONE-1
BUS BAR PROTECTION
ZONE-1

ZONE-2
 PROTECTION SYSTEM
Generator T/F Protection
protection 220 KV LINE

220 KV LINKAGE
BUS TO GRID
LBB

132KV
BUS 132/11
KV T/F
Line protection
132 KV D/C
TR. LINE

11KV
Bus Bar BUS
Protn.

Generation Evacuation
 1.RUN AWAY PROTECTION:
• FIRST STAGE:

 OPERATES IF MACHINE SPEED

INCRESES BEYOND 115% AND GOVERNOR
IS NOT RESPONDING.
 RESUTS IN COMPLETE SHUT DOWN OF MACHINE.

• SECOND STAGE:

 OPERATES IF MACHINE SPEED INCREASES

ABOVE 165%.
 RESUTS IN COMPLETE SHUT DOWN OF MACHINE WITH
PENSTOCK GATE DROPPING.
2.PARTIAL LOAD REJECTION:
• OPERATES IF GOVERNOR THOUGH
ACTING BUT FAILS TO BRING THE
SPEED BELOW 115% IN 52 SECS.
• RESULTS IN COMPLETE SHUT DOWN
OF MACHINE WITH PENSTOCK GATE
DROPPING.
 3.JUICE BY ELECTRICAL
PROTECTION:
• OPERATION OF GENERATOR
DIFFERENTIAL
• TRANSFORMER OVERALL DIFFER.
RELAY.
• TRANSFORMER GAS PROTECTION

ALL ABOVE RESULT IN COMPLETE SHUT

DOWN OF UNIT.
 4.BEARING OIL LEVELS:
• LOW LEVELS RESULT IN LESS LUBRIACTION
AND MORE HEATING OF BEARING.
• ALARMS IN CASE OF GENERATOR
BEARINGS AS THEY ARE OF BATH TYPE.
• TRIPPING IN CASE OF TURBINE BEARING IF
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE FAILS TO LIFT UP OIL
LEVEL IN 6 MINUTES.
• BEARING OIL LEVEL HIGH ALARM TO
DETECT ANY COOLING TUBE LEAKEGE.
5.BEARING TEMPERATURES:
• THERMO SIGNALLING DEVICES FOR
MONITORING TEMPPERATUE OF BEARING
PADS/SEGMENTS.
• REDUCED OIL,LESS FLOW OF COOLING
WATER ANDANYABNORMALITY IN BEARING
MAY RESULT IN RISE IN TEMPERATURE.
• FIRST STAGE IS ALARM AND SECOND
STAGE IS COMPLETE SHUTDOWN OF UNIT.
 6.GENERATOR WARM AIR:
• THERMO SIGNALLING DEVICES FOR
MONITORING TEMPERATUE OF AIR INSIDE
BARREL.
• LESS FLOW OF COOLING WATER IN
GENERATOR COOLERS ,DIRTY FINS OF
COOLERS,OVERLOADING MAY RESULT IN
RISE IN TEMPERATURE.
• FIRST STAGE IS ALARM AND SECOND
STAGE IS COMPLETE SHUTDOWN OF UNIT
 7.FLOW MONITRING:
• BEARINGS
• GENERATOR COOLERS
• TRANSFORMER COOLERS
• SHAFT SEAL
• LESS FLOW DUE TO CLOGGED FILTERS
TRIPPING OF COOLING WATER PUMPS,NON
OPENING OF RELEVANT VALVE.
• LESS FLOW SENSED BY FLOW RELAYS AND
ALARM IS INITIATED.
 8.OPU PRESSURE/LEVEL
MONITORING:
• NON STARTING OF GOVERNOR OIL
PUMPS.
• LEAKAGE OF AIR OR OIL IN THE
SYSTEM
• LEVEL SWITCH FOR LOW AS WELL AS
HIGH ALARM
• LOW PRESSURE INITIATES ALARM BUT
VERY LOW PRESSURE RESULTS IN
COMPLETE SHUTDOWN OF MACHINE.
 9.SHEAR PIN FAILURE:
• JAMMED GUIDE VANE OPERATING
MECHANISM RESULTS IN BREAKING OF
SHEAR PIN.
• TRANSDUCER SENSES THIS BREAKAGE
AND INITIATES ALARM AND NO. OF BROKEN
SHEAR PIN.
• DURING SHEAR PIN FAILURE IF SOME
HYDROMECHANICAL PROTECTION
COMES,IT WILL RESULT IN PENSTOCK GATE
DROPPING.
 10.TURBINE NOT GONE TO
SHUT DOWN:
• IN CASE OF HYDROMECHANICAL
TRIPPING,IF GUIDE VENES FAIL TO CLOSE
FULLY.
• ALARM FOR THIS CONDITION HAS
HAPPENED AT 18thSEC.
• COMMAND TO EMERGENCY SLIDE VALVE
FOR CLOSING GUIDE VANES FULLY AND
HENCE RESET THE SCHEME AT 30tH SEC.
• IF ABOVE ALSO FAILS TO DROP PENSTOCK
GATE AT 42tH SEC.
 11.GOVERNOR FAILURE:
• AT NO LOAD IF ON STARTING GUIDE VANES
OPEN MORE THAN50%,EMERGENCY SLIDE
VALVE WILL IMMIDIATELY CLOSE GUIDE
VANES.
• FAILURE OF AC/DC SUPPLY TO
GOVERNOR(AUTO MODE) IN NO LOAD
POSITION WILL RESULT IN ABOVE.
• FAILURE OF AC/DC SUPPLY TO
GOVERNOR(AUTO MODE) IN LOADED
POSITION WILL INITIATE ALARM.
 12.FAILURE OF FEED BACK
CABLE:
• FEEDBACK CABLE IS A ROPE
TRANSMITTING GUIDE VANE POSITION
TO GOVERNOR.
• ITS BREAKAGE IS SENSED BY LIMIT
SWITCH RESULTING IN COMPLETE
SHUTDOWN OF UNIT THROUGH
OPERATION OF EMERGENCY SLIDE
VALVE.
 13.FIRE SYSTEM APPLIED:
• ACTUATED BY OPERATION OF
GENERATOER DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION.
• ACTUATED BY EXCESSIVE
TEMPERATURES OF STATOR.
• ACTUATED BY OPERATOR.
• RESULTS IN RELEASE OF CO2 IN
BARREL AND COMPLETE SHUT DOWN
OF UNIT.