DATA

PRESENTATION
TECHNIQUES

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Mr. GOPAL K. JOHARI MANDEEP KAUR
SIMRANDEEP KAUR

M.PLANNING (URBAN)
 INTRODUCTION
Town planners use a variety of techniques at various
stages of the planning process. These techniques
may relate to surveys for collection of data,
presentation, data interpretation, and analysis
methods. All these methods of rapid information
collection, presentation, interpretation and analysis
institutionalize existing good practices and even
common sense. Out of all the stages, the “data
presentation techniques” becomes the
indispensable part of the planning process.
 DEFIINITION
DATA
According to Kultar Singh, “Data is the collection of images numbers and
characteristics. It is the representation of fact, figure and idea. Data collect
information to convert physical quantities into symbol’’.
Acc. To Anderson, “Data are any facts, numbers or text that can be
collected from different perspective and able to organize different formats and
different databases”
Derived definition: Data is simply the collection of information which can be in
form of number, words, diagram, pictures etc.

DATA PRESENTATION
The data presentation is the second stage which comes after the data
collection stage in the planning process. The focus is basically on the
diagrammatic presentation techniques of data presentation.
SPATIAL DATA AND NON-SPATIAL DATA
Spatial data:- includes location, shape, size, and orientation.
For example, consider a particular square:
Its center (the intersection of its diagonals) specifies its location
Its shape is a square
The length of one of its sides specifies its size
The angle its diagonals make with, say, the x-axis specifies its orientation.
Spatial data includes spatial relationships.  For example, the arrangement of ten bowling pins is spatial
data.
To solve the problem we require following type of data-:
Land use map of the city in image format (Source: Municipal corporation)
Detailed use of whole land comes under the city
Road network map in image format (Source: Municipal corporation)
Hierarchy of roads
Width of roads
Length of roads
Number and type of junction.
Road condition map (Source: Primary survey)
Topographical map
Non-spatial data (also called attribute or characteristic data) is that information
which is independent of all geometric considerations.
For example, a persons height, mass, and age are non-spatial data because they are
independent of the persons location.
Non spatial data includes
Traffic count for different road junction in a city
Name of roads and junction
Area of the city
Population of the city.
METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION
The various methods of the data presentation have been given below
out of which the major focus will be given to the “diagrams” as the
data presentation technique –
TABLES
DIAGRAMS
A. ONE DIMENSIONAL
B. TWO DIMENSIONAL
C. THREE DIMENSIONAL
PICTOGRAMS
CARTOGRAMS
GRAPHS AND CURVES
HISTOGRAMS/TIME SERIES
PHOTOGRAPHS
SKETCHES
TABLES
It is the tabular form of presentation of data. The standard
format of a table is given below:
TABLE NAME (TITLE) TABLE NUMBERS
Table no. 2.1 income
INCOME(IN RS) NO. OF PERSONS

BELOW 5000 9

5001-10000 34

10001-15000 67

15001-20000 98

20001-25000 6

25001-30000 8

30001-35000 89

ABOVE 35001 54

Total 365
DIAGRAMS

These are the diagram representation of data and are easy to

understand as gives clear picture of the data.
These are of 3 types:
1.Bar diagrams
In this method bars are made of fixed width but length
proportional to data at some scale.
SUB DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM
This technique is used when each bar is divided into different categories.

MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM

In this method instead of subdividing a bar into many parts, separate bars
are used.
DEVIATION BAR DIAGRAM
This diagram is made when the variable changes to negative as well from
positive values and is also a way to represent age, sex data also called age,
sex pyramid.
2-DIMENSIONAL DIAGRAMS
SQUARES
Here this method is used to denote very large figures. The square root of the
data is taken and used as the side length of the square. The area o f the
square represents the value. It can be best used for showing population of
serious towns.

A B C Population

Scale 1 cm = 2 lakh
PIE DIAGRAM
Here different sectors of a circle are used to show the data in comparative
form. Here the fact that 360o is the angle of circle is exploited. Which
represents as 100%.
CIRCLES
It is similar to squares, but here the radius represents the data.

3-DIMENSIONAL DIAGRAMS
3 D CUBE
In this technique of data presentation the side of the cube represents cube
root of the data i.e. The volume of cube represents the data.
 CARTOGRAMS
This technique uses dots for represents of data where each dot represents a
fixed number and the total number of dots in each region multiplied by the
number represented by each is the actual figure.
 GRAPHS AND CURVES
It shows the value of y. The points are plotted on the graph and then the points
are joined forming the imaginary line.
 HISTOGRAM
A histogram is a graphical representation showing a visual impression of the
distribution of data. It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous
variable and was first introduced by karl pearson. A histogram consists of tabular
frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins),
with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval.
PHOTOGRAPHS
All data can not be represented by figures such as
some traffic problem, condition of building etc.
Photographs support the data hence they are an
indispensable tool for data presentation.
SKETCHES
Sketches need to be drawn of various aspects
such as heritage and architectural features.
 DOT METHOD

In dot method, a point is placed on the map to indicate the occurrence of a

phenomenon to the corresponding location on earth. The dots are all of uniform
size, which should be relatively small. Concentrations of dots reveal
abundance of the phenomenon being studied. In the following example of a
dot map, each instance corresponds to a population of ten thousand people.
 CHLOROPLETH

Perhaps the most common and easily recognizable is the

chloropleth map. It can be created by shading a bounded area with
a color corresponding to a particular value that is associated with it.
In the example below, a state’s color is an indication of its
population. Chloropleth maps work best with discrete data that can
be measured and recorded subject to predetermined regions.
 CONCLUSION
From the above illustrations it can be concluded that the data
presentation techniques play a very important role in the effective
planning process. The diagrams are the strong data presentation
techniques which puts long lasting impact on the mind of the
interpreter because they are easy to read and interpret than the filthy
write-up. The effective data presentation can be brought about by
using diagrams further strengthening the interpretation and analysis
process leading to effective decision making in the planning process.
The diagrams as the presentation technique are easy to plot and
interpret thus give strong and effective results during the analysis.
Thus in a nutshell it can be concluded that the diagrams play a
pivotal role in the effective decision making process.
THANK YOU