FLOORS

 It divide a building into different levels.

 Depending upon the position, floors can be divided into

◦ Ground floor
◦ Basement floor
◦ Upper-floors
Floor consists of two components
 Sub floor/base course
◦ Bottom most portion of a floor
◦ To impart strength and stability to support the floor covering
and all other super imposed loads.
 Floor covering or flooring
◦ To provide hard,clean,smooth,impervious,durable surface to
the floor.
◦ Materials: concrete,timber,mosaic,terrazo,marble.
Types of floors
 Timber floor
Basement or ground floor of timber
 Single joist timber floors
Double joist timber floors
 Framed or triple timber floors
 Composite floor
Double flagstone floor
Filler joist floor
Jack arch floor
RCC floors
Timber floor
Basement or ground floor of timber
 Sleeper walls of 1 brick or 1.5 brick thick

are constructed at centre to centre

distance of 1.2 to 1.8m
 Wall plates are provided along the wall as

well as sleeper walls-serve as end

supports
 Bridging joists provided at centre to

centre distance of about 30cm rests on

wall-plates
 Floor boards are provided to finish up the

floor
Single joist timber floors
 Consists of single strut placed below the floor

boards.
 Joists are placed at a centre to centre distance

of 30cm to 45cm.
 Joists are supported on wall plates at their

ends.
 When span exceeds 2.4m, herring bone

strutting is given in which inclined timber

pieces are firmly fixed between joists and
ends of these struts are nailed to the joist.
Double joist timber floors
 Intermediate supports known as binders are

provided for the bridging joists

 Binders are placed at a centre to centre

distance of 1.8m to 2.4m

 Suitable for spans of 3.6m to 7.5m
 To reduce the over all depth of floor,

bridging joists are cogged to binders

Disadvantages:
 Weight of floor is thrown on few points in a

wall
 Depth of floor is increased by the use of

binders and accordingly the height of room is

decreased
Framed or triple joist timber floors
 Intermediate supports known as girders are

provided for the binders.

 Girders are placed at centre to centre

distance of 3m
 Binders have staggered connection to girders
 Suitable for spans greater than 7.5m
Composite floors
Floors composed of more than one material are
known as the composite floors
Advantages over the timber floors :
 The composite floors resist fire in a better

way and they are more sound proof.`

 Composite floors can be easily cleaned and

hence they possess better hygienic properties

than the timber floors.
 The composite floors can be conveniently

adopted for greater span.

Double flagstone floors
 Flagstones are used in 2 layers

 If span is about 4m, only RSJ are provided

 If span exceeds 4m, a framework consisting of

Rolled Steel Beams and joists is formed.

 Steel beams are placed at a distance of about

3m centre to centre and joists are placed at

right angles to the beams
 Flagstones of about 40mm thickness and of

suitable widths are fixed on the lower flanges

and upper flanges
 Filling of selected earth or concrete is done in

the space between 2 layers of the flagstones

Filler joist floors
 Small sections of RSJ are placed in concrete
 Joists act as a reinforcement and are spaced

at a centre to centre distance of 60cm to

90cm
 Filter joist may either rest on wall or on

longitudinal steel beam

 Concrete should completely surround the RSJ

and beams
Jack arch floors
 Brick arches or cement concrete arches are

constructed and these arches rest on the

lower flanges of mild steel joists
 Joists in turn rest either on wall or on beam
 Joists are placed at a distance of about 1 to

1.5m centre to centre

Disadvantage
It does not give a plain ceiling surface
 RCC floor
 Modern buildings.
 For small spans and light
loads, simple reinforced
cement concrete slab is
suitable.
 Slab thickness depends upon
super imposed loads ,span
and type of concrete used.
Floor finishing materials

 Floor coverings are provided to improve the

appearance of floors

 It also imparts a clean, noise less , damp

proof surface to the sub floor.

Floor coverings commonly used:
 Tiled flooring
 Mosaic flooring
 Marble flooring
 Synthetic flooring
 Ceramic flooring
Mosaic floor covering
• It consists of base concrete and mosaic topping.
• Widely used in theaters, temples and superior
type of buildings.
 Preparation
20cm thick cement mortar 1:2 mix

10cm thick concrete 1:5:10 mix

15cm sand cushion

• Glass pieces or marble pieces hammered into this mortar

to get the desired pattern
• Inner area is filled with colored pieces of mosaic chips.
• Surface is rolled using a stone roller till the surface is
level
• After 24 hrs, surface is rubbed with pumic stone to get a
smooth, level and polished surface
Mosaic tiled flooring
 widely used in residential building, shop,
theatres, temples etc.
 Preparation

cement mortar 1:1 mix

10cm thick concrete 1:5:10 mix
15cm sand cushion
 Over the concrete bedding,
 After a period of 2 to 3 days, a cement mortar layer is spread
 Over that tiles are arranged.
 Tiles are then slightly tapped till cement oozes out through joint
to the surface.
 Oozed out cement is immediately cleaned with sawdust.
 After 3 days, joints are rubbed with carborundum and then by
pumic stone.
 Surface is washed with a week solution of soft soap in warm
water
Ceramic tile flooring
 Preparation
• Apply a thin set mortar on the concrete base with
trowel.
• Tile is placed and lightly beaten with mallet - ensure
that the tile is seated into the mortar bed.
• Grout is forced into the joints
• Allow the mortar to set for 24hours before walking
over.
thin layer cement mortar

10cm thick concrete 1:5:10 mix

15cm sand cushion

Marble flooring
• It may be laid in different size, usually rectangular or square shapes.
• Base concrete is same as tiled flooring
• Marble slabs is then laid over this mortar.
• Gently pressed with wooden mallet and leveled.
• The edges of already laid slabs are smeared with cement slurry
paste.
• Cement paste ooze out from the joints is cleaned with sponge.
• It is cured for a seven days.
Granite flooring
• Base concrete is same as tiled flooring
• Granite slabs or tiles are then laid over this mortar.
• Gently pressed with wooden mallet and leveled.
• The edges of already laid slabs are smeared with cement paste.
• Cement paste ooze out from the joints is cleaned with sponge.
• It is cured for a seven days.
Synthetic flooring
 Synthetic material like epoxies and polyesters
are used in terrazzo floor
 Synthetic material replaces cement of the
standard terrazzo and they reduce the self
weight of flooring.
 For preparation,
◦ Synthetic material and marble chips mixed with
water to get a plastic paste.
◦ Mixture laid on the rough base already prepared.
◦ Grinding and polishing are performed after 16 to
48hrs.
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