The

STRUCTURE
OF MATTER
 Structure of Matter
Modern physics has revealed successively deeper layers of
structure in ordinary matter. Matter is composed, on a tiny scale,
of particles called atoms. Atoms are in turn made up of minuscule
nuclei surrounded by a cloud of particles called electrons. Nuclei
are composed of particles called protons and neutrons, which are
themselves made up of even smaller particles called quarks.
Quarks are believed to be fundamental, meaning that they cannot
be broken up into smaller particles. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.
MS Encarta: ATOM
► Evolution of the Model of the Atom
 Constituents of Matter
Matter is composed of tiny particles called quarks. Quarks
come in six varieties: up (u), down (d), charm (c), strange (s),
top (t), and bottom (b). Quarks also have antimatter counterparts
called antiquarks (designated by a line over the letter symbol).
Quarks combine to form larger particles called baryons, and
quarks and antiquarks combine to form mesons. Protons and
neutrons, particles that form the nuclei of atoms, are examples of
baryons. Positive and negative kaons are examples of mesons.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.
MS Encarta Slides:
• GLUONS & COLOR CHARGE

• Strong Force and The Creation of Particles

 ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)

The big circle marks the location of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at
CERN’s research site. The tunnel where the particles are accelerated is located
100 m (320 ft) underground and is 27 km (17 mi) in circumference. The
smaller circle is the site of the smaller proton-antiproton collider. The border of
France and Switzerland bisects the CERN site and the two accelerator rings.
Video clip: Angels &
Demons
The Atom
The Atom
• Everything is
made from
atoms.

• The centre of
each atom
contains a
nucleus.
The Atom
• If one atom was the
size of Wembley
stadium.
• The nucleus would be
smaller than the centre
spot in the middle of
the football pitch.
• The outside of the
atom would be outside
the stadium walls!
The Atom
• Atoms
themselves are
made from
three parts.
• Neutrons
• Protons
• Electrons
The Atom • Protons have a
positive charge

• Electric charges can

be either negative or
positive.

• Each proton weighs 1

ATOMIC MASS UNIT
(AMU)

• Discovered by Eugene
Goldstein in 1885
The Atom • Electrons have a
negative charge
• One electron will
always cancel out the
charge on one
proton.
• Each electron has
only a very tiny mass
(1/1800th AMU)
• Electrons can not be
seen – they are just
too small!
• Discovered by JJ
Thomson in 1897
The Atom
• Neutrons are
neutral
Sir James Chadwick
They have
British• physicist no
Sir James
Chadwick won the Nobel Prize
electric
in physics charge.
in 1935. Chadwick’s
• Each
discovery of theneutron
neutron led to
the development of nuclear
weighs 1
fission and the atomic bomb.
ATOMIC MASS
UNIT (AMU)
The Atom • Protons and
neutrons are
found in the
atoms nucleus.
• The electrons
orbit around the
nucleus.
• The electrons
never remain still
– they constantly
move.
Atomic Structure
Li F
2 2
1 1
The Atom
• We know a lot
about the way in
which atoms are
put together.

• How many
protons, neutrons
and electrons each
type of atoms
has?
The Atom • The smallest atom is
HYDROGEN (H)
• H has one electron and
one proton.
• H has no neutrons
• You can not have
anything smaller
because you must have
at least one electron
and one proton to
form and atom.
The Atom
Here are the details of the smallest 10
atoms...
 Name Symbol Atomic No. of No. of No. of
number protons electrons neutrons
Hydrogen H 1 1 1 0

Helium He 2 2 2 2
Lithium Li 3 3 3 4
Berylium Be 4 4 4 4

Boron B 5 5 5 6
Carbon C 6 6 6 6
Nitrogen N 7 7 7 7

Oxygen O 8 8 8 8
Fluorine F 9 9 9 10

Neon Ne 10 10 10 10
 Atoms Made Visible
Atoms Made Individual atoms of the
element silicon can be seen in
Visible? this image obtained through
the use of a
microscope. The atoms in
each pair are less than a ten-
millionth of a millimeter (less
than a hundred-millionth of an
inch) apart.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.
Electron Micrograph
This electron micrograph shows a T4
bacteriophage, a virus that infects only
bacteria. This bacteriophage measures 300
nanometers in length.
Image of a Fruit Fly
This false color image of the head of a fruit
fly illustrates the level of detail that electron
microscopes are capable of resolving. The
magnification of this image is about 200
times. Electron microscopes achieve much
greater magnifications than light
microscopes by using electrons with
wavelengths considerably shorter than
those associated with visible light. Light
microscopes are capable of maximum
magnifications of about 2,000 times,
whereas magnifications approaching
1,000,000 times are possible with electron
microscopes.
Salt Crystals
This scanning electron
micrograph shows pure
salt, or sodium chloride,
that has been recrystallized
from distilled water. The
crystal is built up from a
cubic lattice of sodium and
chloride ions.
KEY POINTS
• An atom ALWAYS has the same
number of protons as electrons.
• An element’s atomic number is the
same as its number of protons
(and number of electrons)
• All the atoms that are known to
exist can be shown in the Periodic
Table
The Periodic Table
The alkali metals
The halogens
The noble gases