1

Performing Computer
Operations
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Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

• a cross-disciplinary area concerned with
protecting the safety, health and welfare of
people engaged in work or employment

Knowing OHS is essential to minimize the hazards

and risks not only to students, trainers and other
people within the training institution but others
who will be affected.
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Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

• The goal of all OHS programs is to foster a safe
work environment. As a secondary effect, OHS
may also protect co-workers, family members,
employers, customers, supplies, nearby
communities, and other members of the public
who are impacted by the workplace environment
 4

Occupational health as stated in Wikipedia,

aims at:
• The promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social well-being
of workers in all occupations;
• The prevention among workers of departures
from health caused by their working conditions;
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• The protection of workers in their employment

from risks resulting from factors adverse to
health;
• The placing and maintenance of the worker in an
occupational environment adapted to his
physiological and psychological capabilities; and
• The adaptation of work to man and each man to
his job.
 6

Reasons for occupational safety and

standards are:
• Moral – and employee should not have to risk
injury at work, nor should others associated with
the work environment.
• Economic – many governments realize that poor
occupational safety and health performance
results in cost to state
• Legal – OHS requirements maybe reinforced in
civil law and/or criminal law
 7

Objective of the OHS standard

• To protect working man against the dangers of
injury, sickness or death through safe and
healthful working conditions, thereby assuring
the conservation of valuable manpower
resources and the prevention of loss or damage
to lives and properties.
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COMPUTER
is a machine which manipulates data
according to a list of instructions which
makes it an ideal example of a data
processing system.
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ADVANTAGES
• Searching of information
• Online businesses and easy transaction
• Instant communication
• Storage of vast amounts of information
• Fast development of technology of all kinds.
 10

DISADVANTAGES
• Leads exposure of sensitive information to kids
• Wastes of time and distraction
• Greater complexity of life
• Generates a lot of extra work
• Some people think we are becoming deskilled
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CLASSES OF COMPUTERS
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ANALOG
• spelt analogue in British English) is a form
of computer that uses continuous physical
phenomena such as electrical, mechanical,
or hydraulic quantities to model the
problem being solved.
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ANALOG COMPUTER
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CALCULATOR
• is a device for performing mathematical
calculations, distinguished from a computer by
having a limited problem solving ability and an
interface optimized for interactive calculation
rather than programming.

DESKTOP
• is a personal computer (PC) in a form intended
for regular use at a single location, as opposed
to a mobile laptop or portable computer
 15

DESKTOP REPLACEMENT
• is a personal computer that provides the full
capabilities of a desktop computer while
remaining mobile.

EMBEDDED
• is a special-purpose computer system
designed to perform one or a few
dedicated functions, often with real-time
computing constraints
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HOME
• was a class of personal computer entering
the market in 1977 and becoming common
during the 1980s

LAPTOP
• is a personal computer designed for
mobile use that is small enough to sit
on one's lap.
 17

MAINFRAME

• is a computer with a microprocessor as its

central processing unit
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MINICOMPUTER
• (colloquially, mini) is a class of
multi-user computers that lies
in the middle range of the
computing spectrum, in
between the largest multi-user
systems (mainframe computers)
and the smallest single-user
systems (microcomputers or
personal computers).
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MICROCOMPUTER

• is a computer with a microprocessor as its

central processing unit. Another general
characteristic of these computers is that they
occupy physically small amounts of space
when compared to mainframe and
minicomputers
 20

PERSONAL COMPUTER
• is any general-purpose computer whose
original sales price, size, and capabilities
make it useful for individuals, and which is
intended to be operated directly by an end
user, with no intervening computer
operator.
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PORTABLE
• is a computer that is designed to be moved
from one place to another and includes a
display and keyboard

PDA’s (Personal Digital Assistant)

• is a handheld computer, also known as a

palmtop computer
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PLC Programmable Logic Controller

• is a digital computer used for automation of
electromechanical processes, such as control
of machinery on factory assembly lines,
control of amusement rides, or control of
lighting fixtures

SERVER
• computer program that provides services to
other computer programs (and their users),
in the same or other computer
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SUPER-COMPUTER
• is a computer that is at the frontline of
current processing capacity, particularly
speed of calculation.
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TABLET PC
• is a laptop or slate-shaped mobile computer,
equipped with a touch screen or graphics
tablet/screen hybrid technology which
allows the user to operate the computer with
a stylus or digital pen, or a fingertip, instead
of a keyboard or mouse.
 25

VIDEO GAME CONSOLE

• is an interactive entertainment computer or
electronic device that produces a video
display signal which can be used with a
display device (a television, monitor, etc.) to
display a video game.
 26

WORKSTATION
• is a high-end microcomputer designed for
technical or scientific applications. Intended
primarily to be used by one person at a time,
they are commonly connected to a local area
network and run multi-user operating
systems
 27

PORTABLE DATA ENTRY TERMINALS

are handheld devices that are used to record

or capture data away from the mainframe
computer that they are linked to
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CLASSIFICATION OF DEVICES
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Storage Devices
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• Input Devices

▫ Any devices or peripherals used

to provide data and controls
signals to an information
processing system
 30

KEYBOARD

-Primary input device of most computer

systems

-designed to enter text, characters and other

commands into the computer.
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TYPES OF KEYBOARD
 32

AT KEYBOARD
ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY
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DIN (Deutsche Industrial Normale) -

is a series of uniformity standards
developed in Germany, which apply
to commonly manufactured items.
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AT KEYPBOARD PORT
 37

PS/2 KEYBOARD
Personal System/2 or PS/2 is used for
connecting some keyboards and mice to
a PC compatible computer system.
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PS 2 CONNECTOR PS 2 PORT
 40

USB KEYBOARD
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INFRARED/ IR KEYBOARD
defines physical specifications
communications protocol standards for the
short-range exchange of data over infrared
light
 44

is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range

communications technology facilitating data
transmission over short distances from fixed
and/or mobile devices
 45

MOUSE
pointing device that lets you move the cursor or
pointer on the screen easier

TECHNOLOGIES: Early Mice

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World’s first trackball

 47

The first mouse

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Smaky Mouse
 49

Latest Mouse: 3 Basic Types

1. Mechanical Mouse
• has a rubber or metal ball on its underside
and it can roll in every direction
 50

How do it works?
• Sensors within the mouse, which are
mechanical, detect the direction in which
the ball is moving and moves the pointer on
the screen in the same direction. A mouse
pad should be used under the mouse to run
on.
 51

2. Optomechanical
• the same as the mechanical mouse except
that it uses optical sensors to the motion of
the ball

3. Optical
• uses a laser for detecting the mouse's movement
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OPTICAL MOUSE CHIP

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MOUSE INTERFACES
PS2 MOUSE USB MOUSE
 57

IR MOUSE

BLUETOOTH MOUSE
 58

Image Scanners
converts any images into electronics form by
shining light onto the image and sensing the
intensity of reflection at every point.
 59

KINDS OF SCANNERS
1. FLATBED
• A type of optical scanner that consists of a
flat surface on which you lay documents to
be scanned and particularly effective for
bound documents.
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b) HANDHELD SCANNER
• A small handheld scanning device used for
digitizing images.
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DIGITAL CAMERA
A camera that stores images digitally rather
than recording them on film
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TRACKBALL
a pointing device which look like an upside-
down mouse, activated by resting your thumb on
the exposed ball and your fingers on the button
 63

PEN OR STYLUS
• an electronic gadget used by writing or printing
on a special pad (graphic tablet) or directly on
the screen and can be a pointing device to select
commands.
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JOYSTICKS/STIRRING WHEEL OR GAMEPAD

a pointing device used mostly for playing
games, activates various software features
and generally producing on screen events
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TOUCH SCREEN
• -some are made up of a grid of sensing lines
which determines the location of touch by
matching the vertical and horizontal
contacts made.
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TOUCH PAD
graphic tablet that translate each position
on the tablet to a specific location on the
screen
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BAR CODE READER

• - emits a light beam (laser) to reflect the
bars then detects it to be converted into
numerical digits
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CARD READER
• reads information that has been
magnetically encoded, usually in two tracks
(punched card reader)
 69

OUTPUT DEVICE
• is any piece of computer hardware
equipment used to communicate the
results of data processing carried out
by an information processing system
(such as a computer) to the outside
world
 70

MONITOR

computer peripheral device which is

capable of showing a soft copy or video
output to the user
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Guidelines for Screen Resolutions:

• 14 inch monitor is adequate for 800 x 600
resolution.
• 15 inch monitor is adequate for 1024 x 768
resolution.
• 17 inch monitor is adequate for 1024 x 768
resolution
• 19 inch monitor is adequate for 1280 x 1024
resolution.
• 21 inch monitor is adequate for 1600 x 1280
resolution.
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PRINTER

• is a peripheral which produces a hard copy

(permanent human-readable text and/or
graphics) of documents stored in electronic
form, usually on physical print media such as
paper or transparencies.
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MODERN PRINT TECHNOLOGY

TONER-BASED PRINTER
• printers work using the Xerographic principle
that is used in most photocopiers: by adhering
toner to a light-sensitive print drum, then using
static electricity to transfer the toner to the
printing medium to which it is fused with heat
and pressure.
 74

Common types:
• Laser printers

• LED printers
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INKJET PRINTER
• operate by propelling variably-sized droplets
of liquid or molten material (ink) onto
almost any sized page
 76

Advantages:
• quieter in operation
• print finer
• smoother details through higher print head
resolution
• many consumer inkjets with photographic-
quality printing are widely available
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Disadvantages:
• ink is often very expensive
• Many "intelligent" ink cartridges contain a
microchip that communicates the estimated ink
level to the printer
• The lifetime of inkjet prints produced by inkjets
using aqueous inks is limited
• care must be taken with inkjet-printed
documents
• very narrow inkjet nozzles are prone to clogging
with dried ink
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SOLID INK PRINTERS

• a technology used in computer printers and
multifunction devices originally created by
Tektronix in 1986

A Xerox Phaser 8500 solid ink printer

Xerox Phase 8500 Solid Ink tray
 79

Advantages:
• Print Quality
• First print time
• Ease of Use
• Waste
• Ozone
• Recycled Paper
• Compatible supplies
 80

Disadvantages:
• Warm-up time • Clogged Print Heads
• Power consumption • Incompatible with laser
• Excessive Ink Usage printers
• Printer damage from • Ultraviolet resistance
moving • Solid ink block and
• Odor maintenance roller
• Annotations compatibility
• High-speed Moving • Noise
Parts
 81

DYE-SUBLIMATION PRINTER
• is a computer printer which employs a printing
process that uses heat to transfer dye to a
medium such as a plastic card, printer paper,
poster paper, or fabric
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Advantages
(compared against Inkjet)
• the prints are dry and ready to handle as soon as
they exit the printer
• fewer moving parts that can break down
• the whole printing cycle is extremely clean
• no print heads to get clogged
• no liquid inks to clean up
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Disadvantages:
• Each of the colored panels of the ribbons, and
the thermal head itself, must match the size of
the media that is being printed on
• only specially-coated paper can accept the
sublimated ink
• sublimated ink will diffuse a small amount
before being absorbed by the paper.
• prints are not razor-sharp
• For photographs, this produces very natural
prints, but for other uses (such as graphic
design) slight blurriness
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INKLESS PRINTERS
• Thermal Printer
▫ work by selectively heating regions of
special heat-sensitive paper

• UV Printer
▫ use a special UV light bar which will be
able to write and erase the paper
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Monochrome Thermal Printers are

used in:
• Gasoline Dispensers

• ATMs

• Cash Registers

• Some older inexpensive fax machine

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OBSOLETE AND SPECIAL-

PURPOSE PRINTING
TECHNOLOGIES
 87

Typewriter-derived Printer
• Computer-controllable version of existing
electric typewriter

Daisy wheel printers

• printers operate in much the same fashion
as a typewriter
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Dot-matrix printer
• specifically used for impact printers that use
a matrix of small pins to create precise dots
• A type of printer that produces characters
and illustrations by striking pins against an
ink ribbon to print closely spaced dots in the
appropriate shape
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Line-printer
• print an entire line of text at a time
• the fastest of all impact printers and were
used for bulk printing in large computer
centers
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Pen-based plotters
• plotter is a vector graphics printing device
which operates by moving a pen over the surface
of paper
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OTHER PRINTERS
• Digital minilab (photographic paper)
• Electrolytic printers
• Microsphere (special paper)
• Spark printer
• barcode printer multiple technologies, including:
thermal printing, inkjet printing, and laser
printing barcodes
• Billboard / sign paint spray printers
• Laser etching (product packaging) industrial
printers
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SPEAKER
• A speaker converts electrical energy to
mechanical/acoustical energy.
 93

LCD PROJECTOR
• is a type of video projector for displaying video,
images or computer data on a screen or other flat
surface. It is a modern analog of the slide projector
or overhead projector.
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HEADPHONES
• are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less
commonly a single speaker, with a way of
holding them close to a user's ears and a means
of connecting them to a signal source such as
an audio amplifier, radio or CD player.
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STORAGE DEVICE
• is a device used for storing something

1. FLOPPY DISK
• A reusable magnetic storage medium introduced by IBM
in 1971

• It is called floppy because it flops if you wave it

• Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives

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8 INCH DISKETTE
• In 1971, IBM introduced the 8-inch floppy disk,
initial capacity was about 100K bytes
• In 1979 the Radio Shack TRS-80 II computer
system had an internal 8-inch floppy drive
capable of storing 500K of data.

5 ¼ INCH DISKETTE
• In 1976, Shugart introduced
the 5 1/4-inch floppy disk. Initial capacity was
about 100K, eventually reaching 1.2M bytes per
disk
 97

3 ½ INCH DISKETTE
• In 1980, Sony introduced the 3 1/2-inch floppy
disk. Initially holding about 400K, current
capacity is 1.4Meg per disk
• 720K double density
• 1.44MB high density

EXTERNAL FDD
 98

ZIP DRIVE
• introduced by Iomega in late 1994

• is a medium-capacity removable disk storage system

• Originally it had a capacity of 100 MB, but later versions

increased this to first 250 MB and then 750 MB

• Zip drives are available in multiple interfaces including

usb 1.1, paralell port, (Small Computer System
Interface ) SCSI, ATA, and parallel port.
 99

HARD DISK (HDD)

• A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred to
as a hard drive, hard disk or fixed disk drive

• A magnetic disk on which you can store

computer data

• Mass Storage is measured in kilobytes,

megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes
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Basic components of a typical HDD:

• Disk Platters
• Read/write heads
• Head actuator mechanism
• Spindle motor (inside platter hub)
• Logic board
• Cables and connectors
• Configuration items (such as jumpers or
switches)
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HD Platters (Disks)
Traditionally been made from an
aluminum/magnesium alloy, which
provides both strength and light weight.

Read/Write Heads
• Connected or ganged on a single movement
mechanism

• Move across the platters in unison

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Head Actuator Mechanism

• Mechanism moves the heads across the disk and
position them accurately above the desired
cylinder

Air Filters
• Filters permanently sealed inside the drive
and are designed never to be changed for
the life of the drive.
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2 air filters
• Recirculating filter

• Barometric or breather filter

Spindle Motor
• Motor that spins the platters

• Always connected directly; no belts or gears

are involved
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Logic Boards
• Contain the electronics that control the
drive’s spindle and head actuator systems
and present data to the controller in some
agreed-upon form.
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Three types of connectors:

• Interface connector

• Power connector

• Optional ground connector (tab)

 114

Disk Interface
• SATA-Serial Advance Technology
Attachment
• IDE -Integrated Drive Electronics
• ESDI -Enhanced Small Disk
Interface
• SCSI -Small Computer System
Interface
 115

ESDI
• was a disc interface designed by Maxtor
Corporation in the early 1980s

• 34-pin common control cable, and a 20-pin data

channel cable for each device
 116

SCSI
• SCSI was derived from "SASI", the "Shugart
Associates System Interface", introduced by that
company in 1981

SCSI CABLE
 117

SCSI Controller
 118

IDE
 119

IDE
 120

SATA
 121

OPTICAL DISK
• Originally developed in the late 1960s
• is a random access storage medium
• A storage medium from which data is read and
to which it is written by lasers
 122

CD-R AND CD-RW

12 CM 12 CM
 123

DVD
• Digital Versatile Disc

• Capacities for single sided is 4.7GB's for single

layer and 8.5GB's for dual-layer disks

• Capacities for double sided is 9.4GB's for single

layer and 17GB's for dual-layer disks
• Transfer rate: 11.08Mbps
 124

DVD Disc construction formats:

• Single-sided, single-layered
▫ Also known as DVD-5
▫ simplest construction format holds 4.7
Gigabytes (GBytes) of digital data

• Single-sided, dual-layered
▫ The DVD-9 construction holds about 8.5
GBytes.
▫ DVD-9s do not require manual flipping: the
DVD player automatically switches to the
second layer in a fraction of a second, by re-
focusing the laser pickup on the deeper
second layer
 125

DVD Disc construction formats:

• Double-sided, single-layered
▫ Known as DVD-10
▫ construction features a capacity of 9.4
GBytes of data
▫ DVD-10 is called the "flipper" disc.

• Double-sided, dual-layered
▫ DVD-18
▫ construction can hold approximately 17 GBytes or
about 8 hours of video and audio as a DVD-Video.
▫ To access the content on the other side of a DVD-18,
manually flip the DVD
 126

DVD-R
• DVD-R is (pronounced "dash R" not
"minus R")
• is a non-rewriteable format and it is compatible
with about 93% of all DVD Players and most
DVD-ROMs.
DVD+R
• DVD+R (pronounced "DVD plus R")
• is a non-rewritable format and it is
compatible with about 89% of all DVD
Players and most DVD-ROMs
 127

DVD-R vs. DVD+R

• DVD-R discs use tiny marks along the grooves in
the discs, called land prepits, to determine the
laser position. WHILE DVD+R discs do not have
land prepits, but instead measure the "wobble
frequency" as the laser moves toward the outside
of the disc.
 128

DVD+RW/ DVD-RW
• Short for DVD-ReWritable

• a re-recordable DVD format which can be erased

and recorded over numerous times without
damaging the medium
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DVD+R DL and DVD-R DL

Double Layer (DL)
• Also called Dual Layer writeable

• These discs are only writable on one side of the

disc, but contain two layers on that single side
for writing data

• They can hold up to 8.5GB on the two layers

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DOUBLE-SIDED DVD
• also come in two formats:
▫ DVD-R and DVD+R, including the rewritable DVD-
RW and DVD+RW

• Double-Sided discs include a single layer on each

side of the disc that data can be recorded to.

• can hold about 8.75GB of data if you burn to

both sides
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DVD-RAM
• DVD – Random Access Memory

• optical storage that can be re-written hundreds

of thousands of times and has an expected media
life of 30 years

• offers capacity of 4.7GB per side/9.4GB per

double-sided and is available in both single-
sided and double-sided media
 133

HD DVD
• High-Definition Digital Versatile Disc

• is a high-density optical disc format designed for

the storage of data and high-definition video

• Transfer rate : 36Mbps

 Physical size Single Dual layer
layer capacity
capacity
12 cm, single sided 15 GB 30 GB

12 cm, double sided 30 GB 60 GB

8 cm, single sided 4.7 GB 9.4 GB

8 cm, double sided 9.4 GB 18.8 GB

134
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Blu-ray Disc(BD)
• is an optical disc storage media format for high-
definition video and data storage
• derived from the blue-violet laser used to read
and write this type of disc
• The format was developed to enable recording,
rewriting and playback of high-definition video
(HD), as well as storing large amounts of data
• Transfer rate : 36Mbps
 136

• Holographic Versatile Disc

• It employs a technique known as collinear

holography, whereby two lasers, one red and one
green, are collimated in a single beam.

• is an optical disc technology that would hold up

to 3.9 terabytes (TB) of information.

• The HVD also has a transfer rate of 1 Gbit/s (125

MB/s).
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USB FLASH DRIVES

• A small, portable flash memory card that plugs
into a computer’s USB port and functions as a
portable hard drive

• are also called thumb drives, jump drives, pen

drives, key drives, tokens, or simply USB drives

• connected by USB 1.1 or USB 2.0 or both