Performing Computer

Operations

1
2 Occupational Health and Safety
(OHS)
 a cross-disciplinary area concerned with
protecting the safety, health and welfare of
people engaged in work or employment

Knowing OHS is essential to minimize the

hazards and risks not only to students,
trainers and other people within the training
institution but others who will be affected.
3 Occupational Health and Safety
(OHS)
 The goal of all OHS programs is to foster
a safe work environment. As a secondary
effect, OHS may also protect co-workers,
family members, employers, customers,
supplies, nearby communities, and other
members of the public who are impacted
by the workplace environment
4 Occupational health as stated in
Wikipedia, aims at:
 The promotion and maintenance of
the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupations;
 The prevention among workers of
departures from health caused by
their working conditions;
5

 The protection of workers in their employment

from risks resulting from factors adverse to
health;
 The placing and maintenance of the worker in
an occupational environment adapted to his
physiological and psychological capabilities;
and
 The adaptation of work to man and each man
to his job.
6 Reasons for occupational safety
and standards are:
 Moral – and employee should not have to
risk injury at work, nor should others
associated with the work environment.
 Economic – many governments realize
that poor occupational safety and health
performance results in cost to state
 Legal – OHS requirements maybe
reinforced in civil law and/or criminal law
7 Objective of the OHS standard

 To protect working man against the

dangers of injury, sickness or death
through safe and healthful working
conditions, thereby assuring the
conservation of valuable manpower
resources and the prevention of loss or
damage to lives and properties.
8 COMPUTER

is a machine which manipulates data

according to a list of instructions which
makes it an ideal example of a data
processing system.
9 ADVANTAGES

 Searching of information
 Online businesses and easy transaction
 Instant communication
 Storage of vast amounts of information
 Fast development of technology of all
kinds.
10 DISADVANTAGES

 Leads exposure of sensitive information

to kids
 Wastes of time and distraction
 Greater complexity of life
 Generates a lot of extra work
 Some people think we are becoming
deskilled
11

CLASSES OF
COMPUTERS
12 ANALOG

 spelt analogue in British English) is a

form of computer that uses continuous
physical phenomena such as electrical,
mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to
model the problem being solved.
13

ANALOG COMPUTER
14
CALCULATOR
is a device for performing
mathematical calculations,
distinguished from a computer
by having a limited problem
solving ability and an
interface optimized for
interactive calculation rather
than programming.

abacus
15
Charles
Babbage
began
developing
what would
be the first
mechanical
computer. Analytical Engine
1833
16
DESKTOP

• is a personal computer (PC) in

a form intended for regular use
at a single location, as opposed
to a mobile laptop or portable
computer
17 DESKTOP REPLACEMENT

 is a personal
computer that
provides the full
capabilities of a
desktop computer
while remaining
mobile.
 18 EMBEDDED

 is a special-purpose
computer system
designed to perform
one or a few
dedicated functions,
often with real-time
computing constraints
19

LAPTOP
• is a personal computer designed for
mobile use that is small enough to sit on
one's lap.
 MAINFRAME
20

 is a computer with a microprocessor as its

central processing unit
 21
MINICOMPUTER

 (colloquially, mini) is a class of

multi-user computers that lies in
the middle range of the computing
spectrum, in between the largest
multi-user systems (mainframe
computers) and the smallest single-
user systems (microcomputers or
personal computers).
 MICROCOMPUTER
22

 is a computer with a
microprocessor as its central
processing unit. Another general
characteristic of these computers
is that they occupy physically
small amounts of space when
compared to mainframe and
minicomputers
23
PERSONAL COMPUTER
 is any general-purpose computer whose
original sales price, size, and capabilities
make it useful for individuals, and which
is intended to be operated directly by an
end user, with no intervening computer
operator.
 PORTABLE
24

 is a computer that is designed

to be moved from one place to
another and includes a display
and keyboard

PDA’s (Personal Digital Assistant)

• is a handheld computer, also known as a
palmtop computer
 25
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
 is a digital computer used for
automation of electromechanical
processes, such as control of
machinery on factory assembly lines,
control of amusement rides, or
control of lighting fixtures

SERVER
• computer program that provides services to other
computer programs (and their users), in the same
or other computer
26 SUPER-COMPUTER
 is a computer that is at the frontline of current
processing capacity, particularly speed of
calculation.
27
TABLET PC
 is a laptop or slate-shaped mobile
computer, equipped with a touch screen or
graphics tablet/screen hybrid technology
which allows the user to operate the
computer with a stylus or digital pen, or a
fingertip, instead of a keyboard or mouse.
28
VIDEO GAME CONSOLE

 is an interactive entertainment computer or

electronic device that produces a video
display signal which can be used with a
display device (a television, monitor, etc.)
to display a video game.
 29
WORKSTATION

 is a high-end microcomputer
designed for technical or scientific
applications. Intended primarily to
be used by one person at a time,
they are commonly connected to a
local area network and run multi-
user operating systems
30 PORTABLE DATA ENTRY
TERMINALS

are handheld devices that are used to record or

capture data away from the mainframe computer
that they are linked to
31

CLASSIFICATION OF DEVICES

 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 Storage Devices
32

 Input Devices

 Any devices or peripherals used to

provide data and controls signals to
an information processing system
33

KEYBOARD

-Primary input device of most computer systems

-designed to enter text, characters and other

commands into the computer.
34

TYPES OF KEYBOARD
35 AT KEYBOARD
ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY
36
37

DIN (Deutsche Industrial Normale) -

is a series of uniformity standards
developed in Germany, which apply
to commonly manufactured items.
38
39
40
41 INFRARED/ IR KEYBOARD
defines physical specifications communications
protocol standards for the short-range exchange
of data over infrared light
42

is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range

communications technology facilitating data
transmission over short distances from fixed and/or
mobile devices
 MOUSE
43

pointing device that lets you move the

cursor or pointer on the screen easier

TECHNOLOGIES: Early Mice

44
World’s first trackball
 The first mouse
45
46 Smaky Mouse
 47 Latest Mouse: 3 Basic Types
1. Mechanical Mouse
 has a rubber or metal ball on its underside and it can roll in every
direction
48 How do it works?

 Sensors within the mouse, which are mechanical, detect

the direction in which the ball is moving and moves the
pointer on the screen in the same direction. A mouse pad
should be used under the mouse to run on.
49 2. Optomechanical

 the same as the mechanical mouse except that it

uses optical sensors to the motion of the ball

3. Optical
• uses a laser for detecting the mouse's movement
50

OPTICAL MOUSE CHIP

51
52
53
 54
MOUSE INTERFACES
PS2 MOUSE
USB MOUSE
 IR MOUSE
55

BLUETOOTH MOUSE
56 Image Scanners
converts any images into electronics form by
shining light onto the image and sensing the
intensity of reflection at every point.
57

KINDS OF SCANNERS
1. FLATBED
 A type of optical scanner that consists of a
flat surface on which you lay documents
to be scanned and particularly effective for
bound documents.
58 b) HANDHELD SCANNER

 A small handheld scanning device used for digitizing

images.
59 DIGITAL CAMERA

A camera that stores images digitally rather than

recording them on film
60 TRACKBALL

a pointing device which look like an upside-

down mouse, activated by resting your thumb on
the exposed ball and your fingers on the button
61
PEN OR STYLUS

 an electronic gadget used by writing or printing on a

special pad (graphic tablet) or directly on the screen
and can be a pointing device to select commands.
62 JOYSTICKS/STIRRING WHEEL
OR GAMEPAD
a pointing device used mostly for playing games, activates various software
features and generally producing on screen events
63 TOUCH SCREEN

 -some are made up of a grid of sensing lines which determines the location
of touch by matching the vertical and horizontal contacts made.
64 TOUCH PAD

graphic tablet that translate each position on the tablet to a specific location
on the screen
65 BAR CODE READER

 - emits a light beam (laser) to reflect the bars then detects it to be converted
into numerical digits
66 CARD READER

 reads information that has been magnetically encoded,

usually in two tracks (punched card reader)
 67
OUTPUT DEVICE
 is any piece of computer hardware
equipment used to communicate the
results of data processing carried out by
an information processing system (such
as a computer) to the outside world
68 MONITOR

computer peripheral device which is

capable of showing a soft copy or
video output to the user
69
Guidelines for Screen Resolutions:
 14 inch monitor is adequate for 800 x 600
resolution.
• 15 inch monitor is adequate for 1024 x 768
resolution.
• 17 inch monitor is adequate for 1024 x 768
resolution
• 19 inch monitor is adequate for 1280 x 1024
resolution.
• 21 inch monitor is adequate for 1600 x 1280
resolution.
70
PRINTER

 is a peripheral which produces a hard

copy (permanent human-readable text
and/or graphics) of documents stored in
electronic form, usually on physical print
media such as paper or transparencies.
 Common types:
71
 Laser printers

 LED printers
72 INKJET PRINTER

 operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or

molten material (ink) onto almost any sized page
73 Advantages:

 quieter in operation
 print finer
 smoother details through higher print head
resolution
 many consumer inkjets with
photographic-quality printing are widely
available
74 Disadvantages:

 ink is often very expensive

 Many "intelligent" ink cartridges contain a microchip that
communicates the estimated ink level to the printer
 The lifetime of inkjet prints produced by inkjets using aqueous
inks is limited
 care must be taken with inkjet-printed documents
 very narrow inkjet nozzles are prone to clogging with dried
ink
75 INKLESS PRINTERS

 Thermal Printer
 work by selectively heating regions of
special heat-sensitive paper

 UV Printer
 use a special UV light bar which will be
able to write and erase the paper
76
Monochrome Thermal Printers are used
in:
 Gasoline Dispensers

 ATMs

 Cash Registers

 Some older inexpensive fax machine

77

OBSOLETE AND SPECIAL-

PURPOSE PRINTING
TECHNOLOGIES
78 Typewriter-derived Printer
 Computer-controllable version of existing electric typewriter

Daisy wheel printers

• printers operate in much the same fashion as a
typewriter
79 Dot-matrix printer

 specifically used for impact printers that use a matrix of small pins to create
precise dots
 A type of printer that produces characters and illustrations by striking pins
against an ink ribbon to print closely spaced dots in the appropriate shape
Line-printer
80

 print an entire line of text at a time

 the fastest of all impact printers and were used for bulk printing in large
computer centers
Pen-based
81
plotters
 plotter is a vector graphics printing device which operates by moving a pen over
the surface of paper
82 OTHER PRINTERS

 Digital minilab (photographic paper)

 Electrolytic printers
 Microsphere (special paper)
 Spark printer
 barcode printer multiple technologies,
including: thermal printing, inkjet printing, and
laser printing barcodes
 Billboard / sign paint spray printers
 Laser etching (product packaging) industrial
printers
83
SPEAKER
 A speaker converts electrical energy to mechanical/acoustical energy.
 84 LCD PROJECTOR

 is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen
or other flat surface. It is a modern analog of the slide projector or overhead projector.
85
HEADPHONES
 are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less commonly a single speaker, with a
way of holding them close to a user's ears and a means of connecting them
to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio or CD player.
86 STORAGE DEVICE
 is a device used for storing something

1. FLOPPY DISK
• A reusable magnetic storage medium introduced by IBM in 1971

• It is called floppy because it flops if you wave it

• Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives

 8 INCH DISKETTE
87

 In 1971, IBM introduced the 8-inch floppy disk, initial capacity was about 100K
bytes
 In 1979 the Radio Shack TRS-80 II computer system had an internal 8-inch floppy
drive capable of storing 500K of data.

5 ¼ INCH DISKETTE
• In 1976, Shugart introduced
the 5 1/4-inch floppy disk. Initial capacity was about
100K, eventually reaching 1.2M bytes per disk
 88 3 ½ INCH DISKETTE
 In 1980, Sony introduced the 3 1/2-inch floppy disk. Initially holding about 400K,
current capacity is 1.4Meg per disk
 720K double density
 1.44MB high density

EXTERNAL
FDD
89 ZIP DRIVE

 introduced by Iomega in late 1994

 is a medium-capacity removable disk storage system

 Originally it had a capacity of 100 MB, but later

versions increased this to first 250 MB and then
750 MB

 Zip drives are available in multiple interfaces

including usb 1.1, paralell port, (Small Computer
System Interface ) SCSI, ATA, and parallel port.
90 HARD DISK (HDD)

 A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred

to as a hard drive, hard disk or fixed disk
drive

 A magnetic disk on which you can store

computer data

 Mass Storage is measured in kilobytes,

megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes
91
92 Basic components of a typical
HDD:
 Disk Platters
 Read/write heads
 Head actuator mechanism
 Spindle motor (inside platter hub)
 Logic board
 Cables and connectors
 Configuration items (such as jumpers or
switches)
93
94
95 HD Platters (Disks)
Traditionally been made from an
aluminum/magnesium alloy, which provides
both strength and light weight.

Read/Write Heads
• Connected or ganged on a single movement
mechanism

• Move across the platters in unison

96
97
 98 Head Actuator Mechanism
 Mechanism moves the heads across the disk and position them accurately above the
desired cylinder

Air Filters
• Filters permanently sealed inside the drive and
are designed never to be changed for the life of
the drive.
99
 2 air filters
100
 Recirculating filter

 Barometric or breather filter

Spindle Motor
• Motor that spins the platters

• Always connected directly; no belts or gears are

involved
101
102 Logic Boards

 Contain the electronics that control the drive’s spindle and head actuator
systems and present data to the controller in some agreed-upon form.
103
104 Three types of connectors:

 Interface connector

 Power connector

 Optional ground connector (tab)

105 Disk Interface

 SATA -Serial Advance Technology Attachment

 IDE -Integrated Drive Electronics
 ESDI -Enhanced Small Disk
Interface
 SCSI -Small Computer System Interface
 ESDI
106

 was a disc interface designed by Maxtor Corporation in the early 1980s

 34-pin common control cable, and a 20-pin data channel cable for each device
107 SCSI

 SCSI was derived from "SASI", the "Shugart Associates System

Interface", introduced by that company in 1981

SCSI CABLE
108 SCSI Controller
IDE
109
IDE
110
SATA
111
OPTICAL
112 DISK
 Originally developed in the late 1960s
 is a random access storage medium
 A storage medium from which data is read and to which it is written by lasers
113 CD-R AND CD-RW

12 CM 12 CM
DVD
114

 Digital Versatile Disc

 Capacities for single sided is 4.7GB's for single layer

and 8.5GB's for dual-layer disks

 Capacities for double sided is 9.4GB's for single layer

and 17GB's for dual-layer disks
 Transfer rate: 11.08Mbps
DVD Disc construction formats:
115
 Single-sided, single-layered
 Also known as DVD-5
 simplest construction format holds 4.7 Gigabytes (GBytes) of digital data

• Single-sided, dual-layered
▫ The DVD-9 construction holds about 8.5 GBytes.
▫ DVD-9s do not require manual flipping: the DVD
player automatically switches to the second layer
in a fraction of a second, by re-focusing the laser
pickup on the deeper second layer
116 DVD Disc construction formats:
 Double-sided, single-layered
 Known as DVD-10
 construction features a capacity of 9.4 GBytes of data
 DVD-10 is called the "flipper" disc.

• Double-sided, dual-layered
▫ DVD-18
▫ construction can hold approximately 17 GBytes or
about 8 hours of video and audio as a DVD-Video.
▫ To access the content on the other side of a DVD-
18, manually flip the DVD
 117
DVD-R

 DVD-R is (pronounced "dash R" not "minus R")

 is a non-rewriteable format and it is compatible with about 93% of all DVD Players
and most DVD-ROMs.

DVD+R
• DVD+R (pronounced "DVD plus R")
• is a non-rewritable format and it is compatible
with about 89% of all DVD Players and most
DVD-ROMs
118 DVD-R vs. DVD+R

 DVD-R discs use tiny marks along the grooves in the discs,
called land prepits, to determine the laser position. WHILE
DVD+R discs do not have land prepits, but instead measure the
"wobble frequency" as the laser moves toward the outside of the
disc.
119 DVD+RW/ DVD-RW

 Short for DVD-ReWritable

 a re-recordable DVD format which can be erased and recorded

over numerous times without damaging the medium
120 DVD+R DL and DVD-R DL
Double Layer (DL)
 Also called Dual Layer writeable

 These discs are only writable on one side of the disc, but contain
two layers on that single side for writing data

 They can hold up to 8.5GB on the two layers

121
122 DOUBLE-SIDED DVD

 also come in two formats:

 DVD-R and DVD+R, including the rewritable
DVD-RW and DVD+RW

 Double-Sided discs include a single layer on

each side of the disc that data can be
recorded to.

 can hold about 8.75GB of data if you burn to

both sides
123 DVD-RAM

 DVD – Random Access Memory

 optical storage that can be re-written

hundreds of thousands of times and has an
expected media life of 30 years

 offers capacity of 4.7GB per side/9.4GB per

double-sided and is available in both single-
sided and double-sided media
124
HD DVD
 High-Definition Digital Versatile Disc

 is a high-density optical disc format designed for the storage of data and high-
definition video

 Transfer rate : 36Mbps

 Physical size Single Dual layer
layer capacity
capacity
12 cm, single sided 15 GB 30 GB

12 cm, double sided 30 GB 60 GB

8 cm, single sided 4.7 GB 9.4 GB

8 cm, double sided 9.4 GB 18.8 GB

125
126

Blu-ray Disc(BD)

 is an optical disc storage media format for high-definition video

and data storage
 derived from the blue-violet laser used to read and write this type
of disc
 The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and
playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large
amounts of data
 Transfer rate : 36Mbps
127

 Holographic Versatile Disc

 It employs a technique known as collinear

holography, whereby two lasers, one red and one
green, are collimated in a single beam.

 is an optical disc technology that would hold up to

3.9 terabytes (TB) of information.

 The HVD also has a transfer rate of 1 Gbit/s (125

MB/s).
128
129 USB FLASH DRIVES

 A small, portable flash memory card that

plugs into a computer’s USB port and
functions as a portable hard drive

 are also called thumb drives, jump drives, pen

drives, key drives, tokens, or simply USB
drives

 connected by USB 1.1 or USB 2.0 or both