HISTORY PPT

Renaissance
Group members
Mohak
Sunny
Rishabh
Sudeshna
Santa
mehak
 contents
S.no Topic Slide no
1 brief history before renaissance
2 Main idea of settlement
3 Geographic conditions and its effect on settlement
4 trade
5 war
6 Religion
7 Colonisation and political systems
8 Elements of renaissance architecture
9 Famous architects/artists of renaissance
10 Vatican city
 Brief History Before Renaissance
• -After the fall of roman empire Europe had entered what
many historians claimed the dark ages
• -Though eastern roman empire better known as byzantine
empire later remained to witness middle ages people had
started deviating from roman values and ideas
• Feudal system was introduced in europe and Europe entered
middle age
• -The Renaissance  is a period in European history, marking
the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era and
covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.
• -The Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14th century.
• -Some observers have called into question whether the
Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages
• -Luxuries from the Eastern world, brought home during the 
Crusades, increased the prosperity of Genoa and Venice.
• -Black death period had just been finished in Europe.
• -sThe plague was carried by fleas on sailing vessels returning
from the ports of Asia, spreading quickly due to lack of
proper sanitation
 Geographic Conditions And Settelment
• Rome played a vital role in development of monumental streets
architecture .
• They focused on the following points.
1. Circulation
2. Defence
3. Water supply
4. Sanitation
5. Popes in rome
6. Factors shaping the settlement of cities
7. Modernisation of warfare and the rise of nation-state.
8. Colonial exploration ,exploitation and expanding networks of trade.
9. Dangers of rapid urbanisation.
 
Political and geographical divisions within
Christianity.
Influences-
Increased prosperity due to increased wealth
and financial support made strong which led to
more public and private projects.
The silk road which was an ancient trading
route .
Weakness of church encouraged more
architecture and art.
EKISTICS
Continuing demand for monumental religious arts
,architects designed secular structures.
They designed terrace gardens private gardens
villa etc.
 Trade
• The areas of Europe to the west of the
Adriatic Sea and the Elbe River were
changing from the more subsistence-
oriented economy of the early Middle Ages
to a money economy, from an economy
based in good measure on home-grown
produce paid for in kind to one relying
heavily on imports paid for in money or
letters of credit.
• During the Renaissance, money and art went
hand in hand. Artists depended entirely on
patrons while the patrons needed money to
foster artistic talent. Wealth was brought to
Italy in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries by
expanding trade into Asia and Europe. Silver
mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money
 
 War
• Catholic Church, but ended as a revolution which brought religious
pluralism to The Protestant Reformation (1517) began as a reform
movement within the Europe.
• Both commercial interests and intellectual curiosity led to the great
voyages of discovery, which in turn led to a fierce competition among
European nations to establish colonies in far lands.
• Both religious strife and political rivalries were important causes of the
wars of this period.
• The warfare of this period was
affected by developing
technologies:
• Gunpowder (introduced to
Europe in the mid 13th century)
• Artillery (chiefly bombards used
as siege weapons)
• Muskets (a heavy, smoothbore
gun fired from the shoulder,
invented in the 15th century)
• Rifles (guns having a rifled bore,
invented in 1520)
•THE WARS
–The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
–The Wars of Roses(1455-1485)
–The Italian Wars(1494-1459)
–The Valois-Hapsburg Wars
–The Eighty Years War
–The Wars of religion [Huguenot Wars] (1562-1598)
–The Thirty Years War
–The English Civil Wars
–The Anglo-Dutch Wars
• UNDERLYING CAUSES
–To take over Control france
–Weak king in power
–To take control over the small Italian states
–Religious intolerance
•  

• CONSEQUENCES
–English and france gain their own national identity
–Due to the introduction of professional armies taxation increased
–Italy loses its independence and spain takes control
–The Treaty of Vervins and Edict of Nantes (1598) grant political rights to the French Protestants
 Elements of Architecture
• The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry,proportion, geometry
and the regularity of parts as theyare demonstrated in the architecture of
Classical antiquity and in pa
• The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry,proportion, geometry
and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of
Classical antiquity and in particular, the architecture of Ancient Rome.
• Historians often use the following designations:
– Renaissance (ca. 1400–1500); also known as the Quattrocento and sometimes Early
Renaissance
– High Renaissance (ca.1500–1525)
– Mannerism (ca. 1520–1600)
• In Quattrocento, concepts of
architectural order were explored
and rules were formulated. The
study of classical antiquity led in
particular to the adoption of
Classical detail and
ornamentation.
• Space was organized by
proportional logic, its form and
rhythm subject to geometry,
rather than being created by
intuition as in Medieval buildings.

Basilica di San Lorenzo in Florence by

Filippo Brunelleschi
 • High renaissance
• from classical antiquity were
developed and used with greater
surety. The most representative
architect is Bramante (1444–
1514) who expanded the
applicability of classical
architecture to contemporary
buildings.
• His San Pietro in Montorio (1503)
was directly inspired by circular
Roman temples.

San Pietro in Montorio

• During the Mannerist period,
architects experimented with
using architectural forms to
emphasize solid and spatial
relationships.
• The Renaissance ideal of
harmony gave way to freer and
more imaginative rhythms.
• The best known architect
associated with the Mannerist
style was Michelangelo (1475–
1564), who is credited with
inventing the giant order, a Campidoglio in Rome by
large pilaster that stretches Michelangelo
from the bottom to the top of a
facade.
• Characteristics of Renaissance
architecture:
• The obvious distinguishing features of
Classical Roman architecture were
adopted by Renaissance architects.
• However, the forms and purposes of
buildings had changed over time. So had
the structure of cities.
• Among the earliest buildings of the
reborn Classicism were churches of a type
that the Romans had never
• constructed. Neither were there models
for the type of large city dwellings
required by wealthy merchants of the
15th century.
• Conversely, there was no call for
enormous sporting fixtures and public
bath houses such as the Romans had
built. The ancient orders were analysed
and reconstructed to serve new purposes
• Elements: Plan
• The plans of Renaissance
buildings have a square ,
symmetrical appearance in which
proportions are usually based on
a module. Within a church the
module is often the width of an
aisle.
• The first building to demonstrate
this was St. Andrea in Mantua by
Alberti
• The development of the plan in
secular architecture was to take
place in the 16th century and
culminated with the work of
Palladio

St. Andrea in Mantua by Alberti

• Elements: Facade
• Façades are symmetrical around
their vertical axis.
• Church facades are generally
surmounted by a pediment and
organized by a system of
pilasters, arches and
entablatures.
• The columns and windows show
progression towards the centre.
• Domestic buildings are often
surmounted by a cornice.
• There is a regular repetition of
openings on each floor, and the
centrally placed door is marked
by a feature such as a balcony, or
rusticated surround. Palazzo Rucellai in Florence
• Elements: Columns and
Pilasters
• The Roman orders of columns
• are used:-
• Tuscan, Doric, Ionic,
Corinthian and Composite.
• The orders can either be
structural, supporting an arcade
or architrave, or purely
decorative, set against a wall in
the form of pilasters.
• During the Renaissance,
architects aimed to use
columns, pilasters, and
entablatures as an integrated
system.
• Elements: Arches
• Arches are semi-circular or (in the
Mannerist style) segmental.
• Arches are often used in arcades,
supported on piers or columns with
capitals.
• There may be a section of
entablature between the capital and
the springing of the arch.
• Elements: Vaults
• Vaults do not have ribs.
• They are semi-circular or segmental
and on a square plan, unlike the
Gothic
• vault which is frequently
rectangular The barrel vault, is
returned to architectural vocabulary
• dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is
visible from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces
where they are only visible internally.
• Domes had been used only rarely in the Middle Ages.
• Elements: Ceilings
Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered
ceilings.They are not left open as in
Medieval architecture.They are
frequently painted
or decorated.

st Peter's Basilica
• Elements: Doors
• Door usually have square lintels.They may be set within an arch or
surmounted by a triangular or segmental pediment.
• Openings that do not have doors are usually arched and frequently have a
large or decorative keystone.
• Elements: Windows
• – Windows may be paired and set within a semi-circular arch.
• They may have square lintels and triangular or segmental pediments,
which are often used alternately.
• Windows are used to bring light into the building and in domestic
architecture, to give views.
• Stained glass, although sometimes present, is not a feature.
• Elements: Walls
• External walls are generally of highly-finished ashlar masonry, laid in straight
courses.
• The corners of buildings are often emphasised by rusticated “quoins”.
• Basements and ground floors were often rusticated.Internal walls are
smoothly plastered and surfaced with whitechalk Paint
• For more formal spaces, internal surfaces are decorated with frescoes.
• Elements: Details
• Courses, mouldings and all decorative details are carved with great precision.
• Studying and mastering the details of the ancient Romans was one of the
important aspects of Renaissance theory.
• The different orders each required different sets of details.
• Mouldings stand out around doors and windows rather than being recessed,
as in Gothic Architecture.
• Sculptured figures may be set in niches or placed on plinths. They are not
integral to the building as in Medieval architecture
 Famous architects/artists

• 1. Andrea Palladio ( 30 November 1508 – 19 August

1580) was an Italian architect active in the
Republic of Venice.
2. Influenced by Roman and Greek architecture,
primarily by Vitruvius.
3.Widely considered to be one of the most
influential individuals in the history of architecture.
4.All of his buildings are located in what was the Venetian Republic.
5. His teachings, summarized in the architectural treatise, The Four Books
of Architecture, gained him wide recognition.
6. The city of Vicenza, with its twenty-three buildings designed by Palladio,
and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto are listed together as UNESCOWorld
Heritage Sites.
• 1. Leon Battista Alberti (February 14, 1404 –
April 25, 1472) was an Italian humanist
author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist,
philosopher and cryptographer.
2. He epitomised the Renaissance Man.
Although he is often characterized exclusively as an
architect.
3. Although Alberti is known mostly for being
an artist, he was also a mathematician of many
sorts.
ARCHITECTURAL  WORKS.
The dramatic facade
design after his death of Sant' Andrea,
Mantua, (1471) built
to Alberti's design
after his death
speculation as to Alberti‘s. The unfinished and
altered facade of San
Sebastiano has
promoted much
speculation as to
Alberti's intentions.
 DA VINCI
• Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( 15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519), more
commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was
an Italian Renaissance polymath whose areas of interest
included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, e
ngineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history,
and cartography.
• Throughout his splendid architectural career, Leonardo got inspiration and
evocative ideas from the likes of Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) and Leon Batista
Alberti (1406-1472), all whom are awe-inspiring architects in their capacity.
• His spiral staircase was made and designed with a resemblance to a snell’s shell.
• Leonardo's notes contain many references to architecture, especially plans for
cathedrals. All monuments that were never built. All plans destined never to be
actioned.
• In his architectural work Leonardo went so far as to present a plan for the "ideal
city" to Ludovico il More.
• know he submitted a model for the central tower of the Milan Cathedral. It was
rejected on May 10th, 1490, and though Leonardo was invited to resubmit
something different, he never finished his second model.
• Towards the end of his life Leonardo also worked on some sketches for the Queen
Mother's castle at Romorantin. Again, these were never carried out.
 Vatican city
• Vatican City is the world's smallest country; it's also one of the few theocracies in the
world.
• This sovereign state is headed by the pope, who has inherited the role by election from St.
Peter, one of the Catholic Church's founders as a great evangelist.
• The structure and mission of the pope, the Catholic Church, and the Holy See make
Vatican City a country with no equal.
• Vatican City is also an absolute monarchy headed by the pope, one of the few absolute
monarchies left in the world.
• Vatican City is like no other destination for many reasons and visitors walk away with so
many impressions. 
• Talking about the impressive paintings in the museums, awed by Michelangelo's famed
frescos on the Sistine Chapel's ceiling, the smells of the incredible gardens when in bloom,
the feast for the eyes in the numerous sculptures, St. Peter's Basilica, arguably the
pinnacle of the High Renaissance, and even spiritual experiences that cannot be expressed
in mere words.
• Architecture of Vatican City
 
1.St. Peter's Square
Vatican City is built on what is believed to
be the tomb of St. Peter and in the
basement of St. Peter's Basilica there are
architectural remains from this ancient
Roman time period.

2.Obviously, the most well-known building

in Vatican City is St. Peter's Basilica (1506-
1626) and this structure is considered a
masterpiece of Renaissance architecture. 
3.It was built by a combination of
architects, including Michelangelo di
Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
• The Apostolic Palace
• was also begun during this time and
continued on for many years (1589-
1800s), giving this building a number of
architectural styles.
• Its masterpiece is the Renaissance
Sistine Chapel (1473-1481). Although
the Sistine Chapel is an architectural
masterpiece, it is best known for its
famous frescos by Sandro Botticelli,
Pietro Perugino, and the most famous
painting, the Last Judgementpainted by
Michelangelo on the chapel's ceiling.
• Throughout the rest of this small
country are numerous other buildings in
a number of architectural styles, but
most of the city was built during the
Renaissance and the buildings are in this
style, including the Vatican Libraries.
 MICHELANGELO

• Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni or more commonly known by

his first name Michelangelo ( 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564) was
an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance.
• Michelangelo was asked to design the façade for Brunelleschi's Church of San
Lorenzo in Florence
• Giulio de' Medici (later Pope Clement VII) commissioned him to design the
Medici Chapel and the tombs of Giuliano and Lorenzo Medici.
• Pope Clement also commissioned the Laurentian Library.
• In 1546 Michelangelo produced the highly complex ovoid design for the
pavement of the Campidoglio and began designing an upper storey for
the Farnese Palace. In 1547 he took on the job of completing St Peter's
 Basilica.
• He incorporated a mixture of mannerist architecture, not commonly seen at
that time.
 FLORENCE CITY
1.Florence, like many cities of the Renaissance, had been built over many years . 
2. Was home to numerous churches, public buildings, and houses constructed with
Romanesque or Gothic architecture. 
3. When a revival of classical styles became popular, new edifices in the classical style
were built alongside or added to buildings of older styles. 
4.The concept of the dome first emerged during the Renaissance in the form of an
architectural marvel that tops the Santa Maria del Fiore, the cathedral of Florence. 
5.The construction of the dome marks the beginning of Renaissance architecture.
6. The cathedral and its dome together represent early Renaissance style--one that
blends old and new designs.
7.Arnolfo di Cambio began the building in a Gothic style .
8.He borrowed ideas from the ancient ruins and incorporated them into the design of his
dome. 
Art Outside and Inside 
Many Florentine structures that outwardly exemplify architecture from earlier times also
house interiors, paintings, and sculptures typical of the Renaissance. An example is the
church of Santa CROCE
On the outside, Santa Croce is an example of Gothic architecture, but the
chapel inside is Renaissance in design, due to Brunelleschi's careful use of
proportions. 
The interior of the church of Santa Croce houses important works of
Renaissance art. 

At the cathedral of San Marco, the upper floor contains monks' cells
decorated with Fra Angelico frescos.
THE END