Information System

Development

Dr.
Dr.Shiv
ShivKumar
Kumar
ICFAI
ICFAIBusiness
BusinessSchool
School(IBS)
(IBS)
Information System (IS)
What is an Information System (IS)?

Hardware,
Hardware,software,
software,data,
data,
people, System
System
people,and
andprocedures
proceduresthat
that
work
worktogether
togethertotoproduce
produce Set
Setof
ofcomponents
componentsthat
that
quality
qualityinformation
information interact
interacttotoachieve
achievecommon
common
goal
goal

Businesses
Businessesand
andorganizations
organizationsuse
usevarious
varioustypes
typesof
of
information
informationsystems
systemstotosupport
supportthe
themany
manyprocesses
processes
needed
neededtotocarry
carryout
outtheir
theirbusiness
businessfunctions
functions
 The System Development Life Cycle
What is SDLC?
Every
Everyinformation
informationsystemsystem SDLC
SDLCincludes
includesthe
theentire
entire
has
hasaaparticular
particularpurpose
purposeor or
focus, process
processofofplanning,
planning,
focus,andandaalife
lifeofofits
itsown.
own.
This
This“life
“lifeof
ofits
itsown”
own”
building,
building,deploying,
deploying,using,
using,
concept
conceptisiscalled
called updating,
updating,and
andmaintaining
maintaining
the systems
the systemsdevelopment an
development aninformation
informationsystem
system
life
lifecycle or SDLC
cycle or SDLC

The
Thedevelopment
developmentof
ofaanew
newinformation
informationsystem
systeminvolves
involvesseveral
severaldifferent,
different,
but
butrelated
relatedactivities
activities
The System Development Life Cycle
These
Theseactivities,
activities,or
orphases,
phases,usually
usually
include planning, analysis, design, implementation,
include  planning, analysis, design, implementation,
and maintenance/support
and maintenance/support. .InInother otherwords,
words,SDLC
SDLCisisaaconceptual
conceptual
model
modelthat
thatguides
guidesproject
projectmanagement
managementin ininformation
informationsystem
system
development
development
 The System Development Life Cycle
SDLC Phases : Planning


Define
Definethe
theproblem
problem

Produce
Producethe
theproject
projectschedule
schedule

Confirm
Confirmproject
projectfeasibility
feasibility

Identify
Identifyproject
projectdevelopment
developmentteam
team

Allocate
Allocateresources
resources

Launch
Launchthe
theproject
project

In
Inthis
thisphase,
phase,aareview
reviewisisdone
doneofofthe
therequest.
request.
Is
Iscreating
creatingaasolution
solutionpossible?
possible?
What
Whatalternatives
alternativesexist?
exist?
What
Whatisiscurrently
currentlybeing
beingdone
doneabout
aboutit?
it?
Is
Isthis
thisproject
projectaagood
goodfit
fitfor
forour
our
organization?
organization?
 The System Development Life Cycle
SDLC Phases : Analysis


Study
Studycurrent
currentsystem
system

Gather
GatherInformation
Information

Determine
Determineuser
userrequirements
requirements

Define
Definethe
thenew
newsystem's
system'srequirements
requirements

Build
Buildprototypes
prototypesfor
forthe
thenew
newsystem
system

Recommend
Recommendsolution
solution

In
In this
this phase,
phase, one
one or
or more
more system
system analysts
analysts
work
work with
with different
different stakeholder
stakeholder groups
groups to
to
determine
determinethe thespecific
specificrequirements
requirementsfor
forthe
the
new
newsystem.
system.
 The System Development Life Cycle
SDLC Phases : Design


Acquire
Acquirehardware
hardwareand
andsoftware,
software,ififnecessary
necessary

Design
Designthe
theapplication
application

Design
Designand
andintegrate
integratethe
thenetwork
network

Design
Designand
andintegrate
integratethe
thedatabase
database

Articulate
Articulatethe
thebusiness
businessprocesses
processesandandprocedures
procedures

Deliver
Deliverthe
theSystem
SystemDesign
DesignDocument
Document

Review
Reviewfinal
finaldesign
design

This
Thisphase
phaseisisconcerned
concernedwith
withthe
thephysical
physicalconstruction
constructionof of
the
thesystem.
system.Included
Includedarearethe
thedesign
designor
orconfiguration
configurationof ofthe
the
network
network(hardware,
(hardware,operating
operatingsystem,
system,programming,
programming,etc.), etc.),
design
design of
of user
user interfaces
interfaces (forms,
(forms, reports,
reports, etc.),
etc.), design
design of
of
system
systeminterfaces
interfaces(for
(forcommunication
communicationwithwithother
othersystems),
systems),
and
andsecurity
securityissues.
issues.
 The System Development Life Cycle
SDLC Phases : Design
 The System Development Life Cycle
SDLC Phases : Implementation


Testing
Testingofofprograms
programsand
andprocedures
procedures

Conversion
Conversionof ofdata
dataresources
resources

Training
Trainingendendusers
usersand
anddocument
documentthe
thesystem
system

Install
Installthe
thesystem
system

Convert
Convertto tonew
newsystem
system

This
This phase
phase includes
includes training
training the
the users,
users, providing
providing
documentation,
documentation, and
and conversion
conversion from
from any
any previous
previous
system
systemtotothe
thenew
newsystem.
system.Implementation
Implementationcan cantake
take
many
many forms,
forms, depending
depending on
on the
the type
type of
of system,
system, the
the
number
numberandandtype
typeof
ofusers,
users,and
andhow
howurgent
urgentititisisthat
that
the
thesystem
systembecome
becomeoperational.
operational.
 The System Development Life Cycle
SDLC Phases : Implementation

Implementation Process
The System Development Life Cycle
SDLC Phases : Maintenance/Support


Phone
Phonesupport
supportfor
forusers
users

Physical
Physicalonsite
onsiteuser
usersupport
support Monitoring,

Resolving
Resolvingany
anyissues
issuesthat
thatmay
mayarise
arisewith
withthe
the evaluating,
new
newsystem
system and modifying

Providing
Providingsupport
supportmaterials/tools
materials/toolsfor
forusers
users of operational

Monitor
Monitorsystem
systemperformance
performance business
systems to
make
In
Inthis
thisphase,
phase,the
thesystem
systemhas
hasaastructured
structuredsupport
support desirable or
process
process in
in place:
place: reported
reported bugs
bugs are
are fixed
fixed and
and necessary
requests
requests for
for new
new features
features are
are evaluated
evaluated andand improvements
implemented;
implemented; system
system updates
updates andand backups
backups are
are
performed
performedon onaaregular
regularbasis.
basis.
 The System Development Life Cycle
What is Feasibility Study?
Operational
feasibility
(will it work
as per
Feasibility expectations)
Study
(an assessment of
the practicality of
a proposed plan
Schedule
or method)
feasibility
Economic (how much
feasibility time needed)
(can we
Technical
afford to do
feasibility
this?)
(is it possible
to create
this?)

AApreliminary
preliminarystudy
studywhere
wherethe
theinformation
informationneeds
needsofofprospective
prospectiveusers
usersand
andthe
theresource
resource
requirements, costs, benefits, and feasibility of a proposed project are determined
requirements, costs, benefits, and feasibility of a proposed project are determined
 The System Development Life Cycle
Systems Analyst
A person responsible for designing and developing
information system

Deals with a person, team, or department with

business requirements and identify the specific details of
a system that needs to be built.

Identify the different stakeholders in the system and

work to involve the appropriate individuals in the process

AA systems
systems analyst
analyst generally
generally isis not
not the
the one
one who
who does
does the
the actual
actual
development
development ofof the
the information
information system.
system. The
The design
design document
document
created
createdby
bythe
thesystems
systemsanalyst
analystprovides
providesthethedetail
detailneeded
neededtotocreate
create
the
thesystem
systemand
andisishanded
handedoff
offto
toaaprogrammer(s)
programmer(s)
 The System Development Life Cycle
What is documentation?

Documentation
Documentationserves
servesas
asaamethod
methodofof
communication
communicationamong
amongthe
thepeople
peopleresponsible
responsiblefor
for
developing,
developing,implementing,
implementing,and
andmaintaining
maintainingaa
computer-based
computer-basedsystem.
system.


Documentation
Documentationis isextremely
extremelyimportant
importantin in
diagnosing
diagnosing
errors
errorsand
andmaking
makingchanges,
changes,especially
especiallyififthe
theend
end
users
usersororsystems
systemsanalysts
analystswho
whodeveloped
developedaasystem
system
are
areno
nolonger
longerwith
withthe
theorganization.
organization.
 The System Development Life Cycle
What is Project Team?

Project System IT System

Leader Analyst Professionals Users

The Project Leader plays a primary role in the project,

and is responsible for its successful completion also
manages and controls project budget and schedule. The
Project Team work on Project from start to end.
 The System Development Life Cycle
Data Collection Methods

 Review
Reviewdocumentation
documentation

 Observe
Observe

 Questionnaire
Questionnaire

 Interview
Interview

 Joint-application
Joint-applicationdesign
design(JAD)
(JAD)session
session

 Research
Research

Data
Datacan
canbe
becollected
collectedthrough
throughthese
these
methods
methodsduring
duringdevelopment
developmentprocess
process
 The System Development Life Cycle
Prototype

Prototyping
 The System Development Life Cycle
Joint Application Development

JAD
JAD means
means co-creating
co-creating the application. It
the application. It isis aa
methodology
methodology involving
involving the
the involvement
involvement of
of the
the
client
client oror user
user inin the software development
the software development
process
process byby introducing
introducing co-design
co-design workshops
workshops
called
calledJAD
JADsessions
sessions

A JAD session gets all of the stakeholders

s a ou nt together to have a structured discussion about
v e
Sa e am e the design of the system. Application developers
s i v t im also sit in on this meeting and observe, trying to
as of understand the essence of the requirements.
m
 The System Development Life Cycle
Rapid Application Development

Rapid
Rapidapplication
applicationdevelopment
development(RAD)(RAD)isis
aa software-development
software-development (or (or systems-
systems-
development)
development)methodology
methodologythat thatfocuses
focuses
on
on quickly
quickly building
building aa working
working model
model ofof
the
the software,
software, getting
getting feedback
feedback fromfrom
users,
users, and
and then
then using
using that
that feedback
feedback toto
update
updatethe
theworking
workingmodel
model

The RAD Methodology

RAD methodology is much more compressed than SDLC. Many of the SDLC
steps are combined and the focus is on user participation and iteration.
This methodology is much better suited for smaller projects than SDLC and
has the added advantage of giving users the ability to provide feedback
throughout the process.
 The System Development Life Cycle
CASE TOOLS (Computer-aided software engineering Tools)
CASE
CASEtools
toolsare
areset
setof
ofsoftware
softwareapplication
applicationprograms,
programs,which
whichare
areused
used
to
to automate
automate SDLC
SDLC activities.
activities. CASE
CASE tools
tools are
are used
used by
by software
software
project
project managers,
managers, analysts
analysts and
and engineers
engineers to to develop
develop software
software
system.
system.

There
There are
are number
number of of CASE
CASE tools
tools available
available to
to simplify
simplify various
various
stages
stagesof
ofSoftware
SoftwareDevelopment
DevelopmentLife LifeCycle
Cyclesuch
suchasasAnalysis
Analysistools,
tools,
Design
Design tools,
tools, Project
Project management
management tools,
tools, Database
Database Management
Management
tools,
tools,Documentation
Documentationtoolstoolsare
areto
toname
nameaafew.
few.

Use
Useof
ofCASE
CASEtools
toolsaccelerates
acceleratesthe
thedevelopment
developmentof
of
project
projecttotoproduce
producedesired
desiredresult
result
The System Development Life Cycle
CASE TOOLS
CASE
CASE tools
tools can
can be
be broadly
broadly divided
divided into
into the
the following
following parts
parts
based
based on on their
their use
use at
at aa particular
particular SDLCSDLC stage:
stage:
      
Upper
UpperCase
CaseTools
Tools--Upper
UpperCASE
CASEtools
toolsare
areused
usedin
inplanning,
planning,
analysis
analysisand
anddesign
designstages
stagesof
ofSDLC.
SDLC.

Lower
LowerCase
CaseTools
Tools--Lower
LowerCASE
CASEtools
toolsare
areused
usedin
in
implementation,
implementation,
testing
testingand
andmaintenance.
maintenance.

Integrated
IntegratedCase
CaseTools
Tools--Integrated
IntegratedCASE
CASEtools
toolsare
arehelpful
helpfulin
in
all
all
the
thestages
stagesof
ofSDLC,
SDLC,from
fromRequirement
Requirement
gathering
gatheringto
toTesting
Testingand
and
documentation.
documentation.
 The System Development Life Cycle
Waterfall Model
The waterfall
The waterfall model is
model is aa sequential
sequential software
software development
development
model
model (a
(a process
process for
for the
the creation
creation of
of software)
software) in
in which
which
development
developmentisisseen
seenas
asflowing
flowingsteadily
steadilydownwards
downwards(like
(like
aa waterfall)
waterfall) through
through the the phases
phases of of requirements
requirements
analysis,
analysis, design,
design, implementation,
implementation, testing
testing (validation),
(validation),
integration,
integration,and
andmaintenance
maintenance

Waterfall
WaterfallModel
Modelisisone oneofofthe
themost
mostwidely
widelyused
usedSoftware
SoftwareDevelopment
Development
Process.
Process.ItItisisalso
alsocalled
calledasas"Linear
"LinearSequential
Sequentialmodel"
model"ororthe
the
"classic
"classiclife
lifecycle"
cycle"or
oriterative
iterativemodel.
model.
 The System Development Life Cycle
Waterfall Model
Waterfall
Waterfallmodel
modelSoftware
Software
Development
Developmentprocess
processisis
divided
dividedinto five
into fivephases:-
phases:-
Requirement
RequirementSpecifications
Specifications

System
SystemDesign
Design

Implementation
Implementationand
andUnit
Unittesting
testing

Integration
Integrationand
andSystem
SystemTesting
Testing

Operation
Operationand
andMaintenance
Maintenance

The
Theoutcome
outcomeof
ofone
onephase
phaseacts
actsas
asthe
theinput
inputfor
forthe
thenext
nextphase
phase
SOURCES:

https://opentextbook.site/informationsystems2019/chapter/chapter-10-
information-systems-development/

https://www.ianswer4u.com/2011/11/waterfall-model.html