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MODELS
Lesson 2
•Models
It is representation of an idea, an
object, or even a process that is used
to describe and explain phenomena
that cannot be experienced directly.

Phenomena an event or occurrence

Activity

• Divide the class into two

groups.
• Select metacard
• Arrange the model of the solar
system as fast as you could.
Processing…

Geocentric Model
• Claudius Ptolemy (90-168 CE)

Heliocentric Model
• Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
Origin of the Solar
System
The Birth of the Star

The Solar Nebula Hypothesis

(Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace)
• Clouds of gas and dust as remnants of the Big Bang.
• Enough mass and gravitational force made the cloud
to rotate and concentrate its mass in the center.
• Continued rotation along an axis.
• Gravity concentrates most of the cloud’s mass
towards its center forming the star.
• The debris of dust has been cleared out.
• Planets and asteroids are left revolving around the
central star.
An image of the Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud taken with the ISOCAM instrument of
ESA's Infrared Space Observatory (ISO).
The Birth of a Planet

1. The Planetessimal Theory

(Thomas Chrowder Chamberlain and Forest Ray Moulton)
• Creation of huge tides on the surface of the sun that
resulted to erupted matter.
• The cross pull from the star was thrust into elliptical
orbits around the sun.
• The smaller masses quickly cooled to become solid
bodies called planetessimals.
• As their orbits crossed, the larger bodies grew by
absorbing the planetessimals, thus becoming a planet.
Planetessimal Theory
Chamberlin-Moulton
 The Nebular Hypothesis
(Kant-Laplace Nebular Hypothesis)
The Birth of a Planet

• 2. The Tidal Theory

(James Hopwood Jeans and Harold Jeffreys)
• A huge tidal wave was raised on the sun by
passing star.
• A long filament was drawn out and detached
from the principal mass of the sun.
• Stream of gaseous materials condensed.
• Masses of various sizes separated and
condensed to form planets.
Tidal Theory
Jeans-Jeffrey
The Birth of a Planet

• 3. Protoplanets Theory
(Gerard Kuiper)
• The nebula is seen as a dense nucleus
surrounded by a thin shell of gaseous matter.
• The nebula ceased to rotate uniformly.
• The nebula broke into whirlpools of gas called
protoplanets.
• Protoplanets condensed to form the planets.
Protoplanets Theory
Gerald Kuiper