Evolution of Mobile and Wireless

Communication
Evolution of Mobile and Wireless Communication

Salahadin Seid
salubinseid@gmail.com
2.5G
 General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)
 GPRS is also known as 2.5G
 Purpose is to provide increased data rates on
existing 2G GSM network
 First use of packet switching on GSM which was
exclusively circuit switching network
 Uses coding schemes CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4 to
improve data rates.
 The data speed of GPRS is more than four times greater
speed than conventional GSM systems.
 Using a packet data service, subscribers are always
connected and always on line so services will be easy and
quick to access.
 In GPRS, the GSM time slots are dynamically allocated to
various users according to their instantaneous demand.
 Users can alternately transmit data in the same slot.
 All data is packetized and send instantaneously through
available resources.
 This gives the user the experience of being permanently linked to
the network.
key parameters

 GPRS provided the first real evolution of GSM and the

first in this series to provide a real data capability.
 It enabled emails and some simple web browsing to be
undertaken, although speeds were still very slow by
comparison with what is standard today.
Data rates
 In GSM the maximum data rate is 9.6 kbps per time slot.
 In GPRS the data is packetized which gives in principle an even
lower data rate of 9.05 kbps of which 8 kbps is available for the
user.
 However, in GPRS there are two technologies introduced to
increase this data rate.
 Firstly, the error correction that is used can be adapted to the
quality of the radio channel.
 Secondly, it is possible to use more than one time slot. In theory
all 8 time slots can be used.

 200 kHz channel uplink and 200KHz downlink

 In GPRS there are 4 different channel codes introduced.
 These are given in the table below.
How??

 Channel divided into 8 time slots

 Effective data rate = User data + error correction bits = 22.8 kbps
 Uplink = 22.8 kbps
 Downlink = 22.8 kbps
Coding Scheme

 CS 4 – when the user is near to the BTS

 We can use 21.4 kbps for user data and small portion used for error
correction
Coding Scheme

 CS 3
Coding Scheme

 CS2
Coding Scheme

 CS1
Theoretical vs actual data rates
 Maximum data rate for CS4: 21.4 kbps
 For 8 time slots assigned to a user
 8 x 21.4 = 171.2 kbps (Theoretical )
 Actual data rate depends upon
 Number of data users in cell
 Propagation condition in cells
 Distance from BTS
Architecture
Architecture …
 New network elements
 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
 The SGSN handles all packet switched data within the network and is
responsible for the authentication and tracking of the users.
 The SGSN performs the same functions as the MSC for voice traffic.
 The SGSN and the MSC are often co-located.
 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN).
 The GGSN is the interface from the GSM/GPRS network to external
networks.
 The GGSN is also responsible for the allocation of IP-addresses.