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Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering
Introduction to Robotic Vision
Robotic vision may be defined as the process of extracting,
characterizing and interpreting information from images of a 3-
dimensional world.
Robotic vision (also termed as “computer vision” or machine
vision”) is an important sensor technology with potential
applications in many industrial operations.
Robotic vision is primarily targeted at controlling of
manipulator and interpretation of image and use of this
information in robot operation control.
Robotic vision requires two aspects to be addressed:
Provision for visual input;
Processing required to productively utilize the visual
information in a computer-based systems.
Introduction to Robotic Vision
The greatest virtues of a vision system are:
Repeatability;
Accuracy;
Ability to produce approximately the same results when given
approximately the same inputs.
Robotic Vision Systems
The basic purpose of robot vision system is to identify an
object and determine its location (position and orientation).
The vision system must be capable of handling multiple views
to deal with the multiple stable states. For this purpose, the
system has to be fast and work in parallel with the robot
system.
Further, the system must be able to work in an industrial
environment including factory lighting and be insensitive to
normal light variation.
A gray scale system is required so that numerous different
shades of gray can be assigned to each point of the image and
the vision system’s performance is not affected by the object’s
form, colour or surface texture.
Functions of Robotic Vision System
The operation of the vision system consists of three functions:
Sensing
Process yields a visual image of sufficient contrast.
Digitization
Process of converting information into a digital format. Text
and images can be digitized similarly: a scanner captures
an image (which may be an image of text) and converts it to
an image file, such as a bitmap.
Image Processing and Analysis
The digitized image is subjected to image processing and
analysis for data reduction and interpretation of the image.
Functions of Robotic Vision System
Image processing may be further subdivided as follows:
Pre-processing - Deals with techniques such as noise reduction
and enhancement of details.
Segmentation – Technique of dividing or partitioning an image
into parts, called segments. It is mostly because it is inefficient
to process the whole image.
Description - deals with the computation of features (e.g., size,
shape) suitable for differentiating one type of object from
another.
Recognition - Process that identifies these objects (e.g.,
wrench, bolt, engine block).
Interpretation - Assigns meaning to an ensemble (a group of
items viewed as a whole rather than individually) of recognized
objects.
Functions of Robotic Vision System
Application: The current applications of robot vision include the
following:
Guidance - Report the location and orientation of a part. It can
also be used for alignment to other machine vision tools.
Identification - Identify parts by locating a unique pattern or
identify items based on color, shape, or size.
Gauging - Calculates the distances between two or more points
or geometrical locations on an object and determines whether
these measurements meet specifications.
Inspection - Inspection detects defects, contaminants,
functional flaws, and other irregularities in manufactured
products.
Functions of Robotic Vision System
The various areas of vision processing may be grouped as
follows, depending upon the sophistication involved in their
implementation:
Low level vision – Sensing and processing.
Medium level vision – Segmentation, description and
recognition of individual object.
High level vision – Interpretation.
Components of Vision System
A complete vision system consists of hardware and software for
performing the functions of sensing and processing image (the
scene) and utilizing the results obtained to command the robot.