FAMILY

RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
Presented By
B.Ameena Beebi,
Assistant
Professor
Classification of Resources

Non-human or material resources

are material goods, such as house,
furniture, money and community
facilities which include parks,
library, government hospitals,
schools, shopping and recreational
facilities. Non- human resources are
easily identifiable but are limited in
their availability
Classification of Resources

Although the resources generally included are similar, each

system emphasizes a different characteristic of resources: the
source of the resources, their function, characteristics of the
environment, human versus nonhuman association, or economic
elements of the resources. No single system of classification has
yet received universal endorsement by management specialists.
This diversity indicates that resource theory is still in a malleable
stage of development.
Classification of Resources

Gross, Crandall, and Knoll

describe three classifications of
resources: human versus
nonhuman, economic versus
noneconomic, and a
classification based on sources
in the various environments
surrounding the family.
Human versus Non human resource
classification
Human resources are abilities and characteristics of individuals and
other resources that cannot be utilized independently of people. In
earlier editions of Management in Family Living, Nickell and Dorsey
identified human resources as those existing within people— abilities
and skills, attitudes, knowledge, and energy. They identified nonhuman
resources as those existing outside people but controlled, utilized, or
possessed by the family time, money, goods and property, and
community facilities. Gross, Crandall, and Knoll expanded the usual
list of human resources to include intelligence, creativity, awareness,
and standing plans. To the usual list of nonhuman resources they added
space and power.
Specific versus General resource
classification
Liston proposed the classification with two
headings—specific or general—eight basic types
of resources involved in any managerial effort
toward goal achievement. According to this
system of classifying resources, space, time,
natural environment, and cultural environment
would fall into the general, broadly available
classification; and human resources, community
opportunities, property, and income during a
given period of time would be considered as
specific resources.
Specific versus General resource
classification
Liston defines a resource as the properties of an object, person, or
circumstance that can be used as a means to achieve a goal. Time, a
general resource in this classification, refers to clock time, biological
time, perceived time, and the duration or sequence of time. Space,
another general resource, implies social as well as physical space,
perceived as well as measured space. Income during a given period of
time and property are considered as specific resources in this system.
This is a fresh approach to resource classification. Its unique features are
its simplicity, emphasis on community opportunities and consideration of
human resources of group members, and the natural and cultural
environmental classes.
Human, physical, and psychic capital
resource classification
Rice classified the resources available to
the family as: human, physical, and
psychic capital. The term capital, in its
broader sense, meant any form of assets
used or available for use in goal
attainment. According to this system, the
components of human capital are:
technology, capacity, motivation, and time.
Capacity is the ability to adjust, to
innovate and change.
Human, physical, and psychic capital
resource classification
Physical capital includes the frequency and
amount of income as well as purchasing power,
elastic income (credit), wealth and community
facilities Psychic capital (the degree of
satisfaction derived from expenditure of human
and physical capital) is important because it
regulates the amount and quality of other
resources required in the pursuit of satisfaction
by all family members.
Ecological classification of resources

An ecological approach to management and resource classification

is also appropriate because of recent experiences with scarcity of
natural resources. According to this approach, the environment is
composed of three elements: social, physical, and biological. Social
components of the environment include social organizations (family,
community, and other cultural institutions that embrace customs,
habits, and norms), economic institutions (business, industry, stock
market, banks), and political institutions (different levels of
government).
Ecological classification of resources

The physical components consist of man-made

objects (clothing, furnishings, tools,
appliances, and dwellings), less tangible
surroundings (air, light, sound, temperature,
humidity, and space), and natural tangible
surroundings (soil, terrain, and rain). The
biological components of the environment are
human (physiological, anatomical, behavioral,
and psychological) and non-human (animal,
insects, microbes, and viruses).
Social linkage approach to resource
classification
A social linkage approach to resource classification, stressing the
social orientation of the organization to which the resources belong,
is still another possibility and could be more useful to the process-
interaction approach to management than some of the previous
approaches. Since any cooperative system is an organization, even
an individual can be considered an organization within a social-
linkage framework based on classification according to who uses
the resource.
Interdisciplinary Human-Economic-
Environmental Approach
Each resource classification system serves to increase awareness of
specific resources as families seek goal attainment. An efficient
system would combine the best elements from each system of
classification into a logical and usable eclectic approach to
resources. Since each author or team of authors has predominately
refined one area, it seems profitable for managerial resource theory
to combine elements of each theory into one mutually exclusive,
broadly based system of resource classification. This type of system
should increase awareness of a larger variety of resources available
for management.
Interdisciplinary Human-Economic-
Environmental Approach
The following classification system
builds upon the human, economic,
and environmental approaches,
utilizes some of the social linkage
groupings, and combines them into
one eclectic classification of
resources available for family
management.
Interdisciplinary Human-Economic-
Environmental Approach
Human Resources : According to this
system, three large areas of resources are
delineated: human resources, economic
resources, and environmental resources. The
classification of human resources is
subdivided into four categories: cognitive,
affective, psychomotor, and temporal
resources. The first three terms are common in
education relating to behavioral objectives and
levels of learning.
Interdisciplinary Human-Economic-
Environmental Approach
Cognitive Resources: They are mental characteristics and are
related to knowledge acquired through practice. They are
intellectual abilities and include such human characteristics as
aptitude, intelligence, judgment, goal orientation, and
adaptability.
Affective Resources: Human traits pertaining to, or resulting
from, emotions and feelings rather than from thought and
reasoning, are affective resources.
Psychomotor Resources
Muscular activity and mental
processes are combined through these
resources in the development of traits
and skills. They combine the ability to
accomplish a job with proficiency in
carrying out the activity; this usually
requires some physical exertion.
Some examples of psychomotor
resources are energy, vitality, smell,
sight, communication skills, and
manners.
Temporal Resources

In this classification system, time is considered a human resource

and refers not only to Sidereal "clock time", that everyone
possesses in equal amounts, but also to a person's characteristic
methods of assimilating and perceiving the passage of time.
Perceived time is highly related to satisfaction with activity.
Duration and time sequence are related to effectiveness of time
planning for home-related work. People differ in their ability to
gauge the passage of time or to estimate the amount of time that an
activity will take.
Temporal Resources
Economic Resources : According to this
classification scheme, these resources
include money in-come, elastic income, and
wealth.
Money Income: This resource is defined as
a monetary benefit or gain derived from
capital or labor. It includes not only the
amount of gross monetary receipts to a
person or family, but its characteristic pattern
and frequency of flow to the family.
Temporal Resources

Fringe Benefits: These resources are

advantages in goods and services derived as a
consequence of employment but exclude
money income. A typical package of
employee benefits includes medical care
services, medical and surgical insurance, life
insurance plans, paid vacations, and a
retirement program toward which the
employer pays at least a portion of the cost.
Temporal Resources
Credit: Because of increased use of credit and
its potential to expand the purchasing power
of such a large segment of the population,
elastic income has a category of its own in the
proposed eclectic classification of resources.

Wealth: The last subcategory of economic

resources is wealth. Wealth also refers to the
family's pattern of asset holdings, not just
what is on hand at the present time.
Environmental Resources
Environmental resources are classified as either physical or social. The
physical environmental resources include two types of surroundings—
natural tangible surroundings and less tangible surroundings. The
former are the elements of the environment and climate that can be
perceived by the sense of touch, such as soil, terrain, rain. and
minerals. Non tangible surroundings are the elements of the
environment and climate that are less tangible but include those that
can be measured, such as air, light, sound, temperature, and humidity.
Some non tangible surroundings can be heard (such as sound), and
some can be seen when the quality has been polluted but are relatively
invisible when their quality is high (such as air).
Thank
You