POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

UNIT - I COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANTS

(Layout Rankine cycle - improvisations, Layout
of modern coal power plant, Super Critical
Boilers, FBC Boilers, Turbines, Condensers,
Steam & Heat rate, Subsystems of thermal
power plants – Fuel and ash handling, Draught
system, Feed water treatment, Binary Cycles
and Co-generation)

1
 INTRODUCTION TO POWER PLANTS:

• Electricity is the only form of energy which is easy

to produce, easy to transport, easy to use and easy
to control.
• So, it is mostly the terminal form of energy for
transmission and distribution.
• Electricity consumption per capita is the index of
the living standard of people of a place or country.
• Electricity in bulk quantities is produced in power
plants, which can be of the following types: (a)
Thermal, (b) Nuclear, (c) Hydraulic, (d) Gas turbine
and (e)Geo thermal.
2
 Power plants in India
• Thermal power is the biggest source of power
in India.
• More than 70% of total energy consumed in
India is shared by thermal power.
• Following are the major Thermal Power Plants
(producing more than 1,500 MW) in India −

3
 Thermal Power plants in India
Name Location Capactiy
Mundra Thremal power station Gujarat 4620 MW
Vindhyachal thermal power plant Madhy Pradhesh 4260 MW
Mundra Ultra Mega power plant Gujarat 4150 MW
KSK Mahanasi Power Plant Chhattisgarh 3600 MW
Jindal Tamnar Thermal power plant Chhattisgarh 3400 MW
Tiroda Thermal power plant Maharashtra 3300 MW
Barh super thermal power station Bihar 3300 MW
Taclher power station Odisha 3,000 MW
Sipat Thermal Power Plant Chhattisgarh 2,980 MW
NTPC Dadri Uttar Pradesh 2,637 MW
NTPC Ramagundam Telangana 2,600 MW
Korba Super Thermal Power Plant Chhattisgarh 2,600 MW

4
 Power plants in India
Name Location Capacity
Mejia Thermal Power Station West Bengal 2,430 MW
Sterlite Jharsuguda Power Station Odisha 2,400 MW
Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Bihar 2,340 MW
Station
Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Maharashtra 2,340 MW
Station
Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station Uttar Pradesh 2,050 MW
Rihand Thermal Power Station Uttar Pradesh 2,000 MW
Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant Andhra Pradesh 2,000 MW
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant Tamil Nadu 2,000 MW
North Chennai Thermal Power Station Tamil Nadu 1,830 MW
Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Andhra pradesh 1,760 MW
Station

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Classification of Power plants

6
 Selection of site for thermal power plants
Factors to be considered for selection of site for thermal power plant
Availability of coal
– A thermal plant of 400MW, capacity requires nearly 6000 tons of coal every day.
– Power plant should be located near coal mines.
Ash Disposal Facilities
– Ash comes out in hot condition and handling is difficult.
– The ash is disposed into sea or river.
Water Availability:
– Water consumption is more as feed water into boiler, condenser and for ash disposal.
– Water is required for drinking purpose.
– Hence plant should be located near water source.
Transport Facility:
• Water, railroads, and highways are common means of transportation used by major industrial concerns. The kind and
quantity of products and raw materials determine the most suitable type of transportation facilities.
• The proximity to railroad centres and the possibility of canal, river, lake or ocean transport must be considered.
• Motor trucking facilities are widely used and can serve as a useful supplement to rail and water facilities. If possible, the
plant site should have access toall three types of transportation and, certainly, at least two types should be available. 
Public Problems
– The plant should be far away from residential area to avoid nuisance from smoke, fly ash and noise.
Nature of Land :
– Many power plants have failed due to weak foundations.
– Land (soil) should have good bearing capacity to withstand dead load of plant.

7
A simple steam plant representing rankine cycle

8
Lay out of Rankine cycle

9
P-v and T-s Diagram of Rankine cycle

10
• Process 1-2 (Turbine) :The dry saturated steam from boiler
is isentropically expanded in the turbine for developing
mechanical work and hence, the pressure of steam falls from
p1 to p2. The temperature at the end of expansion is T 2 which
is the saturated temperature at condenser pressure p 2.The
steam after expansion is in wet condition with dryness
fraction x2.
Work done by turbine, WT = h1– h2
• Process 2-3 (Condenser): the wet steam is then condensed
in a condenser isobarically. The wet steam is converted into
water in the condenser. This process is a heat rejection
process but the heat is rejected from wet steam to
atmosphere.
Heat rejected in the condense, QR= h2–h3 = h2 – hf2

11
• Process 3-4(Pump): the water from the condenser is isentropically pumped
from pressure p3 to the boiler pressure p4. There is a slight rise in temperature
from T3 to T4. The enthalpy of water increases due to the pump work.
Work done by pump, Wp = h4– h3 –v3 (p4 – p3)
WP = vf3(p4 – p3)= Vf2 (p1 – p2)
p4 = p1; p3 = p2; v3 = vf2
• Process 4-1 (Boiler): the heat is supplied by the boiler to raise the
temperature of water to saturated temperature of T4 at constant pressure of p4.
heat supplied during 4 -1
Q S4-1 = h1 – h4
Q S = h1 – h4= h1 – h4
Q S = h1 – (h3+ WP)
Network output, W = WT - WP
= (h1 – h2)-WP= h1 – (hf2+WP)

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• Specific steam consumption (SSC):
It is defined as the mass flow rate of steam required to develop 1
unit of power output.
SSC =
where W be the network output
W = (h1 – h2) -WP for cycle with pump work
W = h1 – h2 without pump work
(ii) Specific steam flow rate (SSF):
It is defined as the steam flow in kg required to develop 1 unit of
power output.
SSF =
(iii) Work ratio : It is defined as the ratio of network to the gross
work
Work ratio =

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Dryness fraction of steam (or) Quality of steam

• It is defined as the ratio of the mass of the total

steam actually present to the mass of the total
steam.
• Wet steam consists of dry saturated steam and
water particles in suspension. The dryness
fraction of steam is defined as the ratio of mass
of dry saturated steam to the total mass of wet
steam containing it. It is represented by 'x'.

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IMPROVISATIONS OF RANKINE CYCLE

Rankine cycle efficiency can be improved by

using the following three methods.
(i) Reheating
(ii) Regeneration
(iii) Combined reheating and regeneration.

15
 REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE:
• The efficiency of the simple rankine cycle can be
improved by increasing the pressure and temperature of
steam entering into the turbine and keeping the steam as
dry as possible at the end of turbine.
• If the pressure increases, the expansion ratio in the turbine
will also increase and the steam becomes wet at the end
ofexpansion.
• Increasing the moisture of steam will cause the erosion of
turbine blades and increase in turbine losses.
• In the reheat cycle, the steam is extracted from a suitable
point in the turbine and it is reheated with the help of flue
gases in the boiler furnace.
16
Layout of rankine cycle with reheat

17
• In the reheat cycle, the expansion is being carried out in two stages.
• The steam is initially expanded in high pressure (H.P) turbine to some
pressure and then it is reheated with the help of flue gases in the boiler.
• Then, the steam is expanded in low pressure (L.P) turbine to the condenser
pressure.
• The main purpose of reheating is to increase the dryness fraction of steam
and improve the cycle efficiency by 5 % but the dryness fraction of steam
coming out of turbine should not fall below 0.92.
• The thermal efficiency is increased with the reheat cycle but the specific
steam consumption is reduced.
• The process 1-2 represents the isentropic expansion in high-pressure turbine
and 3-4 represents the isentropic expansion in low-pressure turbine.
• The steam is reheated at constant pressure process 2-3.
• The reheat can be carried out by retiring the steam to the boiler and passing
it through a reheater (heat exchanger) placed in the boiler at constant
pressure.

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• Heat supplied, Qs = Qs1-6 -Qs2-3 = (h1 – h6) + (h3 – h2)
• Work output, W = W1-2 +W3-4 – Wp) = (h1 – h2) + (h3 – h4) –
(h6 – h5)
• Therefore, the efficiency of the reheat rankine cycle is given
by
• Where WP = vf4 (p1 – p2)
• If the pump work is neglected
• Where h1 = enthalpy of superheated seam = hg1 = Cpg (Tsup
– Tsat)
• h2 = enthalpy of steam at intermediate pressure p 2
• The processes of reheat Rankine cycle are explained below
using the enthalpy-entropy diagram

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Regenerative Rankine Cycle:

20
• In the rankine cycle, the condense which is coming out has very
low temperature and it mixes with hot water in the boiler. it results
the decrease in cycle efficiency.
• If the temperature of feed water is raised to the saturation
temperature corresponding to the boiler pressure before it enter the
boiler, the cycle efficiency will be as close as to carnot cycle
efficiency.
• Hence the condensate coming out of the turbine is heated with the
help of steam in a reversible manner.
• This type of heating is known a regenerative heating.
• In this arrangement, a surface condenser is used to heat the
condensate by using the whole steam which is not extracted for feed
water heating.
• The boiler is equipped with a superheated and the turbine is a
double extracting type.

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LAYOUT OF MODERN COAL POWER PLANT:

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The four main circuits are:
1. Coal and ash circuit:
2. Air and gas circuit
3. Feed water and steam flow circuit
4. Cooling water circuit

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 Working of thermal power palnt
• Coal received in coal storage yard of power station is transferred to
the furnace by coal handling unit. Heat produced due to burning of
coal is utilized in converting water contained in boiler drum into
steam at suitable pressure and temperature.
• The steam generated is passed through the super heater.
Superheated steam then flows through the turbine. After doing
work in the turbine the pressure of steam is reduced. Steam leaving
the turbine passes through the condenser which maintains a low
pressure and steam from exhaust of turbine is condensed to water.
• Steam is generated in the boiler of thermal power plant using the
heat of the fuel burned in the combustion chamber. The steam
generated is passed through steam turbine where part of its thermal
energy is converted into mechanical energy which is further used
for generating electric power.

24
• Steam pressure in the condenser depends upon flow rate and
temperature of cooling water and on effectiveness of air removal
equipment. Water circulating through the condenser may be taken
from the various sources such as river, lake or sea. If sufficient
quantity of water is not available the hot water coming out of the
condenser may be cooled in cooling towers and circulated again
through the condenser.
• Bled steam taken from the turbine at suitable extraction points is sent
to low pressure and high pressure water heaters.
• Air taken from the atmosphere is first passed through the air pre-
heater, where it is heated by flue gases. The hot air then passes
through the furnace.
• The flue gases after passing over boiler and super heater tubes, flow
through the dust collector and then through economizer, air pre-heater
and finally they are exhausted to the atmosphere through the chimney.

25
 Super critical boilers
• A supercritical steam generator is a type ofboilerthat operates
at supercritical pressure, frequently used in the production of electric
power.
• Normally, water tube boilers are generally preferred for high pressure.
In this water tube boiler, the water is circulated through tubes and their
external surfaces are exposed to the flue gases.
• The most recent method to produce economical thermal power is by the
use of super-critical steam cycle. Between the working ranges of 125
bars and 510°C to 300 bars and 600°C, large numbers of steam
generating units are designed which are basically characterized as sub-
critical and super-critical.
• Usually a sub-critical boiler consists of three distinct sections as
preheater (economizer), evaporator and super heater and in case of
super-critical boiler; the only preheater and super heaters are required.

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27
 FBC Combustion
• Fluidization is a method of mixing fuel and air in a specific proportion, for
obtaining complete combustion.
• A fludized bed is defined as the bed of solid particles behaving as a fluid. It
operates on the principal that when an evenly distributed air is passed upward
through a finely divided bed of solid particles at low velocity, the particles
remain undisturbed.
• If the velocity of air flow is steadily increased, a stage is reached when the
individual particles are suspended in the air stream. If the air velocity further
increased, the bed becomes highly turbulent and rapid mixing of particles
occur which appear like formation of bubbles in a boiling liquid and the
process of combustion as a result is known as fluidized bed combustion.
• The velocity at which the individual particles are suspended in the air stream
is known as fluidization velocity.

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 Types of FBC boilers
Types of fluidized bed boilers
1. Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) boilers
2. Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boile
Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) boilers
• In BFB boilers, crushed coal (6-20mm) is injected into the fluidized bed of
limestone just above an air-distribution grid at the bottom of the bed (Fig.1.14)
• The air flows upwards through the grid from the air plenum into the bed, where
combustion of coal occurs.
• The products of combustion leaving the bed contain a large proportion of unburnt
carbon particles which are collected in cyclone separator and fed back to the bed.
The boiler water tubes are located in the furnace.
• Since most of the sulphur in coal is retained in the bed by the material used
(limestone), the gases can be cooled to a lower temperature before leaving the stack
with less formation of acid (H2SO4).
• As a result of low combustion temperatures (800-900˚C), inferior gases of coal can
be used without slagging problems and there is less formation of NOx.

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Schematic of Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boiler

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 Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers
The CFB boiler is said to be the second generation fluidized bed boiler
It is divided into two sections. The first section consists of
• (a) Furnace or fast fluidized bed
• (b) Gas-solid separator (cyclone)
• (c) Solid recycle device (loop seal or L-value)
• (d) External heat exchanger.
• The second section is the back pass. here, the remaining heat from the
flue gas is absorbed by
• 1. Reheater
• 2.Superheater
• 3.Economiser
• 4.Air Preheater

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32
Advantages of CFB boilers:
• It produces high combustion efficiency (about 99 %)
• The most attractive features of CFB boilers are fuel flexibility.
• Efficient sulphur removal can be achieved.
• The fuel handling and feed system are very simple.
• It produces low NOx emission (50 – 150 ppm)
• The availability records of CFB boilers are very impressive.
• Furnace cross section is very small
• It produces high fluidizing gas velocity.
• Heat release rate is high
• Sulphur capture efficiency is maximum.
Disadvantages:
• Erosion of particles is high
• Reactor wall erosion is more
• Material immersing is not possible.

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 Turbines
• Steam turbine is a heat engine which uses the heat energy stored in steam and
performs work. The main parts of s steam turbine are as follows:
• A rotor on the circumference of which a series of blades or buckets are
attached.
• To a great extent of performance of the turbine depends upon the design and
construction of blades.The blades should be so designed that they are able to
withstand the action of steamand the centrifugal force caused by high speed.
• As the steam pressure drops the length and size of blades should be increased
in orderto accommodate the increase in volume. The various materials used
for the construction of blades depend upon theconditions under which they
operated steel or alloys are the materials generally used.
– Bearing to support the shaft.
– Metallic casing which surrounds blades, nozzles, rotor etc.
– Governor to control the speed.
– Lubricating oil system.

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1.According to the action of steam
• (i) Impulse turbine
• (ii) Reaction turbine
• (iii) Impulse and reaction turbine.
2. According to the direction of steam flow
• (i) Axial
• (ii) Radial
• (iii) Mixed
3. According to pressure of exhaust
• (i) Condensing
• (ii) Non-condensing
• (iii) Bleeder
4. According to pressure of entering steam
• (i) Low pressure
• (ii) High pressure
• (iii) Mixed pressure
5. According to step reduction
• (i) Single stage
• (ii) Multi-stage
6. According to method of drive such as
• (i) Direct connected
• (ii) Geared

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 Impulse turbine
• In impulse turbine the steam expands in the stationary
nozzles and attains high velocity. The resulting high velocity
steam impinges against the blades which alter the direction
of steam jet thus changing the momentum of jet and
causing impulsive force on the blades.

36
 Impulse turbine Reaction turbine
 It consists of nozzles and moving blades.  It consists of fixed blades and moving
blades.
 Pressure drop occurs only in nozzles but not  Pressure drop occurs in fixed as well as
in moving blades. moving blades.
 Steam strikes the blade with kinetic energy.  Steam passes over the moving blades with
pressure and kinetic energy.
 It has constant blade channel area.  It has varying blade channel area.
 Due to more pressure drop per blade, the  The number of stages required is more due
number of stages required is less. to more pressure drop.
 Power developed is less  Power developed is considerably high.
 It occupies less space for the same power  It occupies more space for the same power.
output.
 Velocity of turbines is more  Velocity of turbines is less
 Efficiency is low  Efficiency is high.
 Blade manufacturing is not difficult and  Blade manufacturing process is difficult.
thus, it is not costly.

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 Condenser
• Condensers are mechanical phase heat exchangers
in which vapour is converted into liquid. A closed
vessel in which steam is condensed by abstracting
the heat and where the pressure is maintained below
atmospheric pressure is known as a condenser. The
efficiency of the steam plant is considerably
increased by the use of a condenser. In large turbine
plants, the condensate recovery becomes very
important and this is also made possible by the use
of condenser.
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The steam condenser is one of the essential components
of all modern steam power plants. Steam condensers
are of two types:
• Surface condenser
(a) Down flow type
(b) Central flow condenser
(c) Evaporation condenser
Jet condenser
• (a) Low level jet condensers (parallel flow type)
• (b) High level or barometric condenser
• (c) Ejector condenser.
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Surface condenser

40
• In surface condensers there is no direct contact between the steam
and cooling water and the condensate can be re-used in the boiler.
In such condensers even impure water can be used for cooling
purpose whereas the cooling water must be pure in jet condensers.
Although the capital cost and the space needed is more in surface
condensers but it is justified by the saving in running cost and
increase in efficiency of plant achieved by using this condenser.
Depending upon the position of condensate extraction pump, flow
of condensate and arrangement of tubes the surface condensers
may be classified as follows:
(a) Down flow type
a sectional view of down flow condenser. Steam enters at the top
and flows downward. The water flowing through the tubes in one
direction lower half comes out in the opposite direction in the
upper half.

41
Central flow condenser
a central flow condenser. In this condenser the steam passages
are all around the periphery of the shell. Air is pumped away
from the center of the condenser.The condensate moves
radially towards the center of tube nest. Some of the exhaust
steam which moves towards the center meets the
undercooling condensate and pre-heats it thus reducing
under cooling.

42
Evaporation condenser
• In this condenser the steam to be condensed in passed
through a series of tubes and the cooling water falls over
these tubes in the form of spray. A steam of air flows over
the tubes to increase evaporation of cooling water which
further increases the condensation of steam.

43
Ejector condenser
an ejector condenser. In this condenser cold water is discharged under a head
of about 5 to 6m through a series of convergent nozzles. The steam and air
enter the condenser through a non-return valve. Steam gets condensed by
mixing with water. Pressure energy is partly converted into kinetic energy
at the converging cones. In the diverging cone the kinetic energy is partly
converted into pressure energy and a pressure higher than atmospheric
pressure is achieved so as to discharge the condensate to the hot well.

44
 Subsystems of Thermal power plants

• Fuel handling system

• Ash handling system
• Cooling system
• Draught systems
• Feed system

45
 Fuel handling system
• Coal delivery equipment is one of the major
components of plant cost. The various steps
involved in coal handling are as follows:
1. Coal Delivery
• The coal from supply points is delivered by ships
or boats to power stations situated near to sea
or river whereas coal is supplied by rail or trucks
to the power stations which are situated away
from sea or river.
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47
Unloading
The type of equipment to be used for unloading the
coal received at the power station depends on how
coal is received at the power station. If coal is
delivered by trucks, there is no need of unloading
device as the trucks may dump the coal to the
outdoor storage.
Preparation
When the coal delivered is in the form of big lumps and
it is not of proper size, the preparation (sizing) of coal
can be achieved by crushers, breakers, sizers driers
and magnetic separators.
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Transfer
After preparation, coal is transferred to the dead
storage by means of the following systems:
(a) Belt conveyors
(b) Screw conveyors
(c) Bucket elevators
(d) Grab bucket elevators
(e) Skip hoists
(f) Flight conveyor.

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50
 Ash handling system
Boilers burning pulverized coal (PC) have dry bottom furnaces. The
large ash particles are collected under the furnace in a water-filled
ash hopper. Fly ash is collected in dust collectors with either an
electrostatic precipitator or a bag house. A PC boiler generates
approximately 80% fly ash and 20% bottom ash. Ash must be
collected and transported from various points of the plants as
shown in Fig.25. Pyrites, which are the rejects from the
pulverizers, are disposed with the bottom ash systems. Three major
factors should be considered for ash disposal systems.
1. Plant site
2. Fuel source
3. Environmental regulation

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52
 DRAUGHT SYSTEM
• The purpose of draught is as follows:
• (1) To supply required amount of air to the furnace for the combustion of
fuel. The amount of fuel that can be burnt per square foot of grate area
depends upon the quantity of air circulated through fuel bed.
• (2) To remove the gaseous products of combustion
Definition
• Draught is defined as the difference between absolute gas pressure at any
point in a gas flow passage and the ambient (same elevation) atmospheric
pressure.
• The various types of draught system are as follows:
• (i) Natural draught
• (ii) Mechanical draught
• (iii) Steam jet draught

53
Natural draught system

54
• Natural draught system is used in boilers of
smaller capacities. Natural draught is created
by the difference in weight of a column of cold
external air and that of a similar column of hot
gases in the chimney. This system is
dependent upon the height of chimney and
average temperature of the gases in the
chimney.

55
 Mechanical Draught
In boilers of large capacities, fans are employed to create the
necessary draught in order to reduce the height of chimney, to
obtained draught that is independent of weather conditions and
to control the draught easily.

56
 Steam jet draught system
• Steam jet draught may be induced or forced
draught depending upon the location of steam
jet producing the draught. Induced draught
produced by steam jet .This system is used in
locomotive boilers. Exhaust steam from the
engine enters the smoke box through a nozzle
to create draught. The air is induced through
the flues, the grate and ash pit to the smoke
box.
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58
 Feed water treatment
• Boiler make-up water to the extent of 1.5—2 percent of the total
flow rate is required to replenish the losses of water through
leakage from fittings and bearings, boiler blow down, escape with
non-condensable gases in the deaerator, turbine glands, and other
causes. This make-up water needs to be treated prior to feeding it
to the boiler for
• Prevention of hard scale formation on the heating surfaces
• Elimination of corrosion
• Control of carry-over to eliminate deposition on super heater tubes,
and
• Prevention of silica deposition and corrosion damage to turbine
blades.

59
 Feed water treatment
• Raw water contains a variety of impurities,
such as (a) Suspended solids and turbidity, (b)
organics, (c) hardness (salts of calcium and
magnesium), (d) alkalinity (bicarbonates,
carbonates, and hydrates), (e) other dissolved
ions (sodium, sulphate, chloride, etc.,), (f)
silica and (g) dissolved gas( O2, CO2).

60
 Lime soda process
• In lime soda softening, calcium and magnesium salts are removed using lime
(calcium hydroxide) and soda ash (sodium carbonate). When this process is carried
out at normal raw-water temperature, it is called a “cold process” softening; and
when carried out at or near the boiling point, it is referred to as a “hot process”
softening. Since heating greatly accelerates the necessary reactions, the hot process
is preferred for boiler water treatment, where most of the energy used in heating the
water may be retained in the cycle. The representative reactions are given below:
Ca (HCO3)2+Ca(OH)2 =2CaCO3+2H2O
MgCl2+Ca(OH)2=Mg(Oh)2+CaCl2
MgSO4+Ca(OH)2=Mg(OH)2+CaSO4
CaSO4+Na2CO3=CaCO3+Na2SO4
CaCl2+Na2CO3=CaCO3+2NaCl
• The products, calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide are insoluble in water
and settle to the bottom of the vessel. The softened effluent is then passed through
sand or charcoal filters before usage.

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 hot phosphate softening process
• In the hot phosphate softening process, calcium and magnesium hardness
is removed using phosphate and caustic soda, Tricalcium phosphate
(Ca3(PO4)2) and magnesium hydroxide are precipitated. The process is
carried out at a temperature of 100˚C or above. Since the hot phosphate
process requires more expensive chemicals than the lime soda process, it
is used where the initial water hardness is 60 ppm or less.
• Where hardness is greater than this, a lime soda process may be used
first, followed by aphosphate clean-up. The representative reactions are
given below:
3Ca(HCO3)2+6NaOH=2CaCO3+2Na2CO3+6H2O
CaCO3+2Na3PO4=Ca3(PO4)2+2Na2CO3
Mg(HCO3)2+4NaOH=Mg(OH)2+2Na2CO3+2H2O
3CaSO4+2Na3PO4=Ca3(PO4)2+3Na2SO4

62
 Sodium Zeolite Softening

• Water can be softened by passing it through a

bed of sodium zeolite, which may be natural
compounds of sodium aluminum silicate, with
the cations of calcium and magnesium
removed in the process.
• CaCO3+Na2A=CaZ+Na2CO3
• MgSO4+Na2Z=MgZ+Na2SO4
• Ca(HCO3)2+Na2Z=CaZ+Na2(HCO3)2

63
 Demineralizing plant

• The process of removing dissolved solids in water

by ion exchange is called demineralization. Two
types of resins, cation and anion, are used. The
cation resin is the hydrogen zeolite where the
hydrogen ion is exchanged for the cations calcium,
magnesium and sodium, and the anion resin
adsorbs the anions chlorides, nitrates and
sulphates. Both ion-exchange processes are
reversible, and the resins are restored to their
original form by regeneration.
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65
Binary cycles

66
• It is one type of combined cycles in which usually two working
fluids mercury and water are used to improve the overall thermal
efficiency of the power plant.
• High Enthalpy Of Vaporization
• High Critical Temperature With A Low Corresponding Saturation
Temperature
• Freezing Temperature Should Be Below Room Temperature
• High Condenser Temperature
• Saturation Pressure At The Temperature Of Heat Rejection Should
Be Above Atmosphere Pressure.
• Low Specific Heat
• Chemically Stable
• The Moisture Should Not Appear During Expansion
• Good heat transfer characteristics

67
 Cogeneration system
• Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is
the use of a heat engine  or power station to generate
electricity and useful heat at the same time.
Cogeneration is a more efficient use of fuel because
otherwise wasted heat from electricity generation is
put to some productive use. Combined heat and
power (CHP) plants recover otherwise
wasted thermal energy for heating. This is also
called combined heat and power district heating.

68
 Need for cogeneration
• (i) Cogeneration helps to improve the efficiency of the plant.
• (ii) Cogeneration reduces air emissions of particulate matter,
nitrous oxides, sulphur dioxide, mercury and carbon dioxide
which would lead to greenhouse effect.
• (iii)It reduces the cost of production. Also, it improves the
productivity.
• (iv) Cogeneration system helps to save water consumption
and water costs.
• (v) Cogeneration system is more economical as compared to
conventional power plants.

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Turbine topping combined heat power
(CHP) plant:

70
Steam – turbine topping combined heat power
(CHP) plant:

71
Bottoming cycle

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