Lightwave Systems

Week 9
Lecture 19: 29 March 2020
Amol Choudhary
 Point-to-point links
• Shorthaul links
• Longhaul links: transoceanic
• Regenerator: optoelectronic, no noise is added
• Amplified link: low cost
• Length is an important parameter. Also BL product is important

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 Distribution network
• Hub
• Metro Access Networks
• Electrical switches
• Telephone
• Bus
• Multichannel optical signal
• Taps distribute power to subscriber
• Drawback is reduced power to each user

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 Local Area Networks
• All of you staying on campus use LANs! Random Access
• Losses not a concern (<10km), BW is important
• Bus
• Ring
• Star: Active or passive
• More nodes possible than Bus

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 Design Guidelines
• Loss consideration

• Different choice of wavelengths:

• 0.85- cheap, LAN
• 1.3- low distances, MAN
• 1.5- long distances

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 Dispersion-Limited systems
• When the transmission length due to dispersion limitation is smaller
than the loss limited length
• Frequency chirp also becomes a problem

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 Power Budget (important)
• To design system, we need to ensure that received power is above the
receiver sensitivity
Transmitted power Channel Loss

Received power System Margin~3-4dB

• Determined by the link length and bit rate

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 Rise-time budget
• Need to ensure that the system is able to handle the bitrate
• Consider the 10-90 rise time

• Total rise time:

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 Simple problem
• Assume a 1.3 micron system, designed for 1 gbps for a 50 km link. If
the transmitter rise time is 0.25 ns and the receiver rise time is 0.25
ns, can RZ be used? Spectral width is 3 nm and D=2ps/nm/km.
• Calculate total rise time
• Tfiber= TGVD
• =0.3 ns
• Ttotal=0.524 ns

• Cant be used for RZ. Can be used for NRZ

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 Long-haul systems
• SPM limits single channels.
• Nonlinear phase shift doesn’t accumulate over regenerators
• Accumulates over amplifiers. For 1 amp, its 22 mW input power. For 10
amps, it is 2.2 mW
• Should consider the dispersion effects:
• Use a new format: Chirped return to Zero
• Amplified spontaneous emission noise is a challenge: mixing with signal via
FWM and XPM can occur
• Polarisation mode dispersion can become important for long lengths and
high data rates
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 Terrestrial systems

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 Subsea Systems

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 Sources of Power Penalty: intensity
• Modal noise: due to the fluctuations of modes in MMF at the receiver
caused by bends and deformations
• Mode-partition noise: individual longitudinal modes have large
fluctuations in powers. These modes travel at different speeds due to
dispersion and receiver sees these fluctuations as noise
• Noise due to back-reflections can destabilise the laser

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 Sources of Power Penalty: Dispersion
• Dispersion broadens the pulse beyond the timing slot and reduces
pulse energy in the slot reducing SNR
• Means need more power to maintain SNR: Power penalty dd

• bf is the broadening factor Duty cycle

• For high-linewidth source

• For narrow bandwidth source

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 Frequency Chirp

• Directly modulated lasers have negative

chirp
• For DML, C=-6, to keep penalty lesser than
0.1 dB, x-axis should be below 0.002. low
lengths
• If we use normal dispersion, then we can
have improvement due to compression
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 Forward Error Correction Codes
• Improve BER by correcting errors
• Add extra bits at transmitter- control bits
• Linear, cyclic, Reed-Solomon, convolutional, product, turbo
• FEC Overhead= Effective Bitrate (Be)/BitRate(B) – 1
• Redundancy=1-B/Be
With Coding
• Coding gain

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 Next Class
• Chapter 6

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