WDM cont’d

Week 10
Lecture 21: 1 April 2020
Amol Choudhary
 Review from last class
• Can put data on multiple wavelengths
• Total bitrate= sum of individual bitrates
• Wide Area networks
• Metropolitan area networks
• Multiple-access WDM networks
• Optical Filters:
• Fabry Perot
• MZI
• Grating
• SBS – use in MWP
• SOA
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 Demultiplexers and multiplexers
Grating period Reflected angle
• Use gratings to separate wavelengths d(sinqi- sinqm )=ml
• Use MZIs to combine wavelengths Incident angle

• Low crosstalk
• Low insertion loss

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 Arrayed Waveguide gratings
• 3 sections: Free propagation region, arrayed
waveguides
• Concept of phased array antennas

https://www.senko.com/technical/pdf/Arrayed%20Waveguide%20Grating.pdf
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 Add Drop Multiplexers and filters
• Needed for WAN and MAN to add and drop channels
• Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop Multiplexer

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 Star Couplers
• All channels go to each port
• For LANs for example, each user
receives all signals
• Multiple directional couplers
• Twisted fibers

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 Wavelength routers
• Star coupler+Mux+Demux
• Cyclic distribution of
wavelengths

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 WDM Transmitters
• Integrate the amplifier and AWG and feedback on one chip
• Multiple DFBs on a chip +Mux

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 Performance Issues: heterowavelength X-
talk
• Leakage of power from other channels to a channel
• Filter for mth channel, then power reaching detector is
• Called out-of-band crosstalk and is incoherent in nature Transmission of channel n
• The detected current is
• Cross talk term is maximum when 1 in all channels
• Lets look at eye-closure analysis, Ich needs to be increased by dX to
keep same performance
• Then current at level-1
• Set detection level to
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 Homowavelength X-talk
• Due to switching and routing at the same wavelength
• In-band interference for lm

• Coherent in nature
• Power penalty

• Nonlinear Cross-Talk: Raman, Brillouin, FWM, XPM (covered before)

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 Time-division Multiplexing
• Same carrier frequency, bitrate B and N channels: total bitrate=NB
• Mux:Laser emits pulses with repetition rate of B with pulse width Tp<TB.
Which is 1/NB
• Separate the output and delay and modulate
• Uses RZ
• Demux:
• XPM-based
• Cascaded Mod-Based
• FWM based
• Challenge: Dispersion as we need very short pulses~1ps
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 Sub-carrier Multiplexing
• Multiple RF carriers modulated in the Optical Domain
• Transport multiple CATV signals
• Referred to as radio over fiber
• Analog, needs high SNR

• Hybrid also possible, some channels digital and some analog

• Multi-wavelength SCM
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 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM requires guardbands,
OFDM is more spectrally
efficient
• Uses orthogonal carriers
• Dispersion-tolerant, as
multiple parallel low
bitrate streams transmitted
• Challenges: FWM

http://rfmw.em.keysight.com/wireless/helpfiles/89600b/webhelp/su
bsystems/wlan-ofdm/Content/ofdm_basicprinciplesoverview.htm
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