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Ch2-Gioi Thieu Thuc Vat TC
Ch2-Gioi Thieu Thuc Vat TC
Protists*
This tree under represents
Fungi prokaryotes and protists
Prokaryotes*
Image source David M. Hillis, Derrick Zwickl, and Robin Gutell, University of Texas.
ALGAE
ANIMALS
FUNGI
PLANTS
Photosynthesis evolved in
Photosynthesis evolved in
bacteria. All photosynthetic
bacteria. All photosynthetic
>0.5 BYA eukaryotes acquired this
eukaryotes acquired this
ability through
ability through
endosymbiosis of
endosymbiosis of
photosynthetic bacteria
Plastid photosynthetic bacteria
endo-
symbiosis >1.5 BYA Therefore, some “plant” genes
Therefore, some “plant” genes
(those derived from the
(those derived from the
ancestral bacteria) are more like
ancestral bacteria) are more like
bacterial genes than the genes
bacterial genes than the genes
of other eukaryotes
Mitochondrial of other eukaryotes
endosymbiosis
Gymnosperms
Chlorophytes
Angiosperms
Charophytes
Lycophytes
Bryophytes
Ferns
Flowers
Seeds 300
t
en
360
es
pr
Vascular tissues 400
e
or
f
Stomata
be
450
s
Terrestrialization
ar
ye
on
1200?
illi
M
Adapted from Hay, A. and Tsiantis, M. (2010). KNOX genes: versatile regulators of plant development and diversity. Development. 137: 3153-3165 and
Prigge, M.J. and Bezanilla, M. (2010). Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: Physcomitrella patens. Development. 137: 3535-3543.
Green algae
Land plants
Adapted from Chang, Y. and Graham, S.W. (2011). Inferring the higher-order phylogeny of mosses (Bryophyta) and relatives using a large, multigene plastid data set. Am. J. Bot. 98: 839-849 and Ligrone, R., Duckett, J.G. and Renzaglia, K.S. (2012).
Major transitions in the evolution of early land plants: a bryological perspective. Ann. Bot. 109: 851-871. Photo credits Tom Donald, Mary Williams and gjshepherd_br / Foter.com / CC BY-NC-SA
Bryophytes
Seeds
Vascular tissue
Photos by Tom Donald
Ferns Grasses
Broad-
Flowering leafed
Plants plants
Cherry
petal
stamen
carpel
Microsporogenesis in the anther
Microsporocyte (a.k.a.
microspore mother cells)
undergo meiosis to produce
four dissimilar microspores.
Lily anther, immature, cross section
Development of male
gametophyte (pollen)
Within sporangial chamber of anther,
diploid microsporocytes undergo meiosis
to form four haploid microspores
Mature pollen
Mature anther telegraph plant
lily
The protective wall and efficient dispersal of microgametophytes are two
adaptations to terrestrial life (compare to flagellated gametes being released)
Note: Some pollen are shed before the generative cell divides mitotically to
produce the two sperm cells, some pollen are shed after (as shown above)
Development of
female gametophyte
(embryo sac)
Megasporocyte in sporangium of each ovule
grows and goes through meiosis to form four
haploid megaspores (only one usually survives)
**
Megagametophyte
****
8-nucleate megagametophyte
within ovule of lily (only 6 nuclei are
visible in this section)
Pollination brings male and
female gametophytes together
• Pollination: the placement of pollen onto the stigma
of a carpel:
– Some plants use wind to disperse pollen
– Others interact with animals that transfer pollen directly
– Some plants self pollinate, but most cross-pollinate
• Most monoecious angiosperms have mechanisms to
prevent selfing - maximises genetic variation:
– Stamens and carpels may mature at different times
– Structural arrangement of flower reduces chance that
pollinator will transfer pollen between anthers and stigma
of same plant
– Some plants are self-incompatible
Megagametophyte after double
fertilization
Double fertilisation
gives rise to the zygote
and the endosperm
• Double fertilisation: union of two
sperm cells with two cells of the
embryo sac
• Pollen grain germinates and extends
pollen tube
• Generative cell undergoes mitosis,
forming two sperm
• Pollen tube enters through micropyle
and discharges sperm
• One sperm unites with egg
• Other sperm unites with polar
nuclei forming endosperm (3n)
Endosperm development
• Begins before embryo development
• Triploid nucleus divides to form multinucleate
“supercell”
• This undergoes cytokinesis, forming cell
membranes and walls and thus becoming
multicellular:
– Endosperm is rich in nutrients, which it provides to the
developing embryo
– In most monocots, endosperm stocks nutrients that can
be used by the seedling after germination
– In many dicots, food reserves of the endosperm are
exported to the cotyledons
Embryo development
• First mitotic division transverse:
– Large basal cell forms suspensor
– Terminal cell divides several times
to form spherical proembryo
• Cotyledons appear at either
side of apical meristem
• Suspensor attaches at apex of
embryonic root and meristem
• After germination, apical and
root meristems sustain growth
Seed development
immature dicot - two cotyledons mature
Three
tissue
systems:
Dermal
Vascular
Cortex or Ground
All cells of the plant are
part of these three
systems and originate at
meristems
Strawberry
aggregate of
achenes (small,
single-seeded fruits)
Notice the
remnants of the
carpel of each
flower of the
Photos by Bill Outlaw
inflorescence
Multiple fruit
Gynoecia of more than one
flower, inflorescence
Photo from Iowa State University, department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology
Angiosperm seeds are in
a vessel
Parietal placentation
carpel
funiculus
Axile placentation
carpel
Ovary
Carpel
Ovary
Coconut palm
Fruits and seed dispersal
wind
Relative of dandelion
Coriander
Purple carrot
Liliaceae (Lily Family)
Monocots
• About 240 genera, 3000 species
• Specialized foot storage organs such as
rhizomes, bulbs, fleshy roots)
• Include many ornamental plants
• Examples
– Asparagus officinalis Asparagus
– Lilium longiglorum Easter lily
– Aloe barbadensis Aloe vera
– Allium cepa Onion
– Tulipa spp. Tulips
Some Liliaceae Plants
Asparagus
Garlic Easter
lily
Garlic
Aloe vera
Tulip
Onion
Trillium
Orchidaceae (Orchid Family)
Monocots
Vanilla flower
Phalaenopsis
Cattleya
Vanilla orchid