Bài 2

ĐẶC TÍNH THỰC VẬT THỦY CANH

NGUỒN GỐC
THỰC VẬT
THỦY CANH
BIODIVERSITY
 About 10 million species are
thought to live on earth, of which
about 500,000 are plants or algae
Animals Plants (350,000 are flowering plants).

Protists*
This tree under represents
Fungi prokaryotes and protists
Prokaryotes*

Image source David M. Hillis, Derrick Zwickl, and Robin Gutell, University of Texas.

© 2013 American Society of Plant Biologists

Origin of Eukaryotic Diversity
Nguoàn goác ty theå (hay luïc laïp)
(thuyeát coäng sinh)
 Plants descended from a eukaryotic
ancestor + a cyanobacteria
Bacteria Eukarya Archaea

ALGAE

ANIMALS
FUNGI
PLANTS
Photosynthesis evolved in
Photosynthesis evolved in
bacteria. All photosynthetic
bacteria. All photosynthetic
>0.5 BYA eukaryotes acquired this
eukaryotes acquired this
ability through
ability through
endosymbiosis of
endosymbiosis of
photosynthetic bacteria
Plastid photosynthetic bacteria
endo-
symbiosis >1.5 BYA Therefore, some “plant” genes
Therefore, some “plant” genes
(those derived from the
(those derived from the
ancestral bacteria) are more like
ancestral bacteria) are more like
bacterial genes than the genes
bacterial genes than the genes
of other eukaryotes
Mitochondrial of other eukaryotes
endosymbiosis

ORIGIN OF LIFE >3.5 BYA

Adapted from Govindjee and Shevela, D. (2011). Adventures with cyanobacteria: a personal perspective. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2: 28.

© 2013 American Society of Plant Biologists

 >450 million years ago, plants
moved onto dry land

Initially, land offered less

The aquatic environment was
competition and fewer
competitive and filled with
herbivores
herbivores

However, plants had to overcome

significant challenges to adapt to
dry land

© 2013 American Society of Plant Biologists

Family tree: Plants and green algae
Green algae Plants

Gymnosperms
Chlorophytes

Angiosperms
Charophytes

Lycophytes
Bryophytes

Ferns
Flowers
Seeds 300

t
en
360

es
pr
Vascular tissues 400

e
or
f
Stomata

be
450

s
Terrestrialization

ar
ye
on
1200?

illi
M
Adapted from Hay, A. and Tsiantis, M. (2010). KNOX genes: versatile regulators of plant development and diversity. Development. 137: 3153-3165 and
Prigge, M.J. and Bezanilla, M. (2010). Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: Physcomitrella patens. Development. 137: 3535-3543.

© 2013 American Society of Plant Biologists

 Bryophytes are “non-vascular” plants

Liverworts (~7000 – Mosses (~10,000 – 17,000 Hornworts (~200 species)

8500 species) species)
Vascular
plants

Green algae

Land plants
Adapted from Chang, Y. and Graham, S.W. (2011). Inferring the higher-order phylogeny of mosses (Bryophyta) and relatives using a large, multigene plastid data set. Am. J. Bot. 98: 839-849 and Ligrone, R., Duckett, J.G. and Renzaglia, K.S. (2012).
Major transitions in the evolution of early land plants: a bryological perspective. Ann. Bot. 109: 851-871. Photo credits Tom Donald, Mary Williams and gjshepherd_br / Foter.com / CC BY-NC-SA

© 2013 American Society of Plant Biologists

 Tracheophytes are vascular plants

Lycophytes Ferns Gymnosperms (~ Angiosperms

(~ 1200 species) (~ 13,000 species) 1000 species) (~ 350,000 species)

Bryophytes

Seeds
Vascular tissue
Photos by Tom Donald

© 2013 American Society of Plant Biologists

 Plants are diverse

Ferns Grasses
Broad-
Flowering leafed
Plants plants

Club mosses Seed Plants Cone-

bearing
plants
Vascular Plants
Plants have evolved
Mosses
the ability to thrive in
Liverworts diverse land habitats
Land Green algae
Plants

Images courtesy tom donald

The Evolution of Today’s Plants
THỰC VẬT THỦY CANH
 Flowers are distinguishing
characteristics of angiosperms
All fruits come from flowers
Angion=vessel
Sperma=seed
Angiosperms have seeds contained
in a vessel (developing ovary)

Cherry

Saguaro cactus Apple Cattleya orchid

Sunflowers
• Angiosperm life cycle includes alternation of
generations: haploid gametophyte generations
alternate with diploid sporophyte generation:
– Sporophyte is recognisable “plant” - produces haploid
spores by meiosis in sporangia
– Spores undergo mitotic division and develop into
multicellular male or female gametophyte
– Gametophytes produce gametes (sperm and eggs)
by mitosis: gametes fuse to form zygote which
develops into multicellular sporophyte
– Sporophyte is dominant in angiosperm life cycle:
gametophyte stage is reduced and is totally
dependent on sporophyte
Variations on the basic flower structure

• Complete: has sepals,

petals, stamens and
carpels
• Incomplete: missing one or
more organs (e.g. grasses)
• Perfect: has both stamens
and carpels
• Imperfect: either staminate
or carpellate - unisex
• Monoecious: has both
staminate and carpellate
flowers on same plant
• Dioecious: has staminate
and carpellate flowers on
separate individual plants
sepal

petal

stamen

carpel
 Microsporogenesis in the anther

Microsporocyte (a.k.a.
microspore mother cells)
undergo meiosis to produce
four dissimilar microspores.
Lily anther, immature, cross section
Development of male
gametophyte (pollen)
Within sporangial chamber of anther,
diploid microsporocytes undergo meiosis
to form four haploid microspores

Haploid microspore nucleus undergoes

mitotic division to give rise to a generative
cell and a tube cell

Wall of microspore thickens

 Mature microgametophyte
Sperm cells

Mature pollen
Mature anther telegraph plant
lily
The protective wall and efficient dispersal of microgametophytes are two
adaptations to terrestrial life (compare to flagellated gametes being released)
Note: Some pollen are shed before the generative cell divides mitotically to
produce the two sperm cells, some pollen are shed after (as shown above)
 Development of
female gametophyte
(embryo sac)
Megasporocyte in sporangium of each ovule
grows and goes through meiosis to form four
haploid megaspores (only one usually survives)

Remaining megaspore grows and its nucleus

undergoes three mitotic divisions, forming
one large cell with eight haploid nucleii

Membranes partition this into a multicellular

embryo sac
 Megagametophyte
(Before migration of polar nuclei to center)

**
Megagametophyte
****

8-nucleate megagametophyte
within ovule of lily (only 6 nuclei are
visible in this section)
 Pollination brings male and
female gametophytes together
• Pollination: the placement of pollen onto the stigma
of a carpel:
– Some plants use wind to disperse pollen
– Others interact with animals that transfer pollen directly
– Some plants self pollinate, but most cross-pollinate
• Most monoecious angiosperms have mechanisms to
prevent selfing - maximises genetic variation:
– Stamens and carpels may mature at different times
– Structural arrangement of flower reduces chance that
pollinator will transfer pollen between anthers and stigma
of same plant
– Some plants are self-incompatible
Megagametophyte after double
fertilization
 Double fertilisation
gives rise to the zygote
and the endosperm
• Double fertilisation: union of two
sperm cells with two cells of the
embryo sac
• Pollen grain germinates and extends
pollen tube
• Generative cell undergoes mitosis,
forming two sperm
• Pollen tube enters through micropyle
and discharges sperm
• One sperm unites with egg
• Other sperm unites with polar
nuclei forming endosperm (3n)
 Endosperm development
• Begins before embryo development
• Triploid nucleus divides to form multinucleate
“supercell”
• This undergoes cytokinesis, forming cell
membranes and walls and thus becoming
multicellular:
– Endosperm is rich in nutrients, which it provides to the
developing embryo
– In most monocots, endosperm stocks nutrients that can
be used by the seedling after germination
– In many dicots, food reserves of the endosperm are
exported to the cotyledons
Embryo development
• First mitotic division transverse:
– Large basal cell forms suspensor
– Terminal cell divides several times
to form spherical proembryo
• Cotyledons appear at either
side of apical meristem
• Suspensor attaches at apex of
embryonic root and meristem
• After germination, apical and
root meristems sustain growth
 Seed development
immature dicot - two cotyledons mature

Three
tissue
systems:
Dermal
Vascular
Cortex or Ground
All cells of the plant are
part of these three
systems and originate at
meristems

. . . A reminder that endosperm is formed in all angiosperms, but does not

persist in dicots. In dicots, cotyledons are the primary source of nutrients
for germination.
 Seed
development

typical monocot (wheat)

seed with ovary wall (pericarp)

Monocots have one cotyledon

that matures during germination

Source of nutrition for seed

germination: endosperm
(compare to dicot)
 Structure of the
mature seed
• In dicot seeds:
– Hypocotyl terminates in the
radicle (embryonic root)
– Epicotyl terminates in the
plumule (shoot tip)
• Monocot seeds have a
special cotyledon called a
scutellum:
– Large surface area -
absorbs nutrients from
endosperm during
germination
– Embryo enclosed in sheath:
• Coleoptile protects the
shoot
• Coleorhiza protects the
root
 The ovary develops into a fruit
adapted for seed dispersal
• A true fruit is a ripened
ovary
• Fruits can be classified by
their origin:
– Simple fruits: derived from
a single ovary e.g. cherry
– Aggregate fruits: derived
from a single flower with
several carpels e.g.
blackberry
– Multiple fruits: develop
from an inflorescence
 Aggregate
Separate carpels of one gynoecium (gyno=woman, ecium=house)
Examples: strawberry, raspberry

Strawberry
aggregate of
achenes (small,
single-seeded fruits)

One flower with large

receptacle (base of flower)
and many carpels, each
produces a fruit; thus, we
eat the receptacle and the
fruits are often mistaken for
seeds
Photo by Bill Outlaw
 Multiple fruit
Gynoecia of more than one flower, inflorescence
Examples: mulberry, pineapple

Notice the
remnants of the
carpel of each
flower of the
Photos by Bill Outlaw
inflorescence
 Multiple fruit
Gynoecia of more than one
flower, inflorescence

Examples: mulberry, pineapple

Photo from Iowa State University, department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology
Angiosperm seeds are in
a vessel

All seeds have a seed coat

(plus embryo & nutritive
supply)

This simple fruit is derived from

one carpel with several ovules
and has marginal/parietal
placentation. From Outlaw’s lecture series
Reminder: carpels are modified leaves
 Berry
Each carpel contains many seeds, inner layer of carpel fleshy
Example: legume
This berry has marginal placentation

Recall that the carpel is a

modified leaf (megasporophyll)
 Berry
Each carpel contains many seeds, inner layer of carpel fleshy
Examples: legume, cucumber

Parietal placentation

carpel

funiculus

Photo by Bill Outlaw

 Berry
Each carpel contains many seeds, inner layer of carpel fleshy
Examples: legume, cucumber, citrus

Axile placentation

carpel

Photo by Bill Outlaw

 Drupe
Outer fleshy layer; stone-like inner layer from ovary wall
Examples: Peach, olive

Ovary

Seed within pit (ovary wall)

Photo by Bill Outlaw

 Pome
Outer fleshy layer from fused sepals and petals. Core derived
from ovary
Example: pear

Carpel

Ovary

Fused sepals and

petals
Placentation type?
Photo by Bill Outlaw
Axile
 Fruits and seed
dispersal
water

Coconut palm
 Fruits and seed dispersal
wind

Examples of achenes as well

Relative of dandelion

Tumbleweed. The plant

breaks off from its roots and
blows across open terrain,
scattering seeds as it rolls
Fruits and seed dispersal
animals by attachment
All the various seeds that
stick on your socks and
pants stick to animal fur
 Seed dormancy
• Prevents germination when conditions for seedling
growth are unfavourable
• Conditions for breaking dormancy vary depending on
type of environment plant occupies:
– Seeds of desert plants will not germinate until there has
been a heavy rainfall and not after a light shower
– In chaparral regions where bushfires are common, seeds
may not germinate until exposed to heat of fire which clears
away older, competing vegetation
– Other seeds require cold, sunlight or passage through an
animal’s digestive system
• Viability ranges from a few days to decades
 Seed germination
• Imbibition causes seed to
swell, rupturing seed coat
• Metabolic changes restart
growth of the embryo
• Storage materials are
digested by enzymes and
nutrients transferred to
growing parts of embryo
• Radicle (embryonic root)
emerges from seed
• Next stage involves shoot tip
breaking through soil surface:
– In many dicots, a hook forms in the
hypocotyl
– Light stimulates the hypocotyl to
straighten, raising the cotyledons
• Other plant species follow
different germination methods:
– In peas, hook forms in epicotyl which
straightens and leaves cotyledons in
ground
– In monocots, shoot grows straight up
through coleoptile tube
 Many plants can clone themselves by
asexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction: production of offspring from a
single parent without recombination  clones
• Two natural mechanisms of vegetative reproduction:
– Fragmentation: separation of parent plant into parts that
reform whole plants:
• Most common form of vegetative reproduction
• Some species of dicots develop adventitious shoots that become
separate shoot systems
– Apomixis: production of seeds without meiosis and
fertilisation:
• Diploid cell in ovule gives rise to an embryo
• Ovules mature into seeds which are dispersed (e.g. dandelions)
 Sexual and asexual reproduction
are complementary in many plants
• Both have had featured roles in adaptation of plant
populations to their environments
• Benefits of sexual reproduction:
– Generates genetic variation
– Produces seeds, which can disperse to new locations
• Benefits of asexual reproduction:
– In a stable environment, plants can clone many copies of
themselves in a short period
– Progeny are mature fragments of the parental plant, as
opposed to small, fragile seedlings produced by sexual
reproduction
PHÂN LOẠI THỰC VẬT
Some Horticulturally Important Families

1. Rosaceae Rose Family

2. Solanaceae Nightshade Family
3. Cucurbitaceae Gourd Family
4. Brassicaceae Mustard Family
5. Apiaceae Celery Family
6. Liliaceae Lily Family
7. Orchidaceae Orchid Family
 Rosaceae (Rose Family)

• About 100 genera, 3000 species

• Rose, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry, prunus
(peach, cherry, apricot, almond, plum), apple, pear,
quince
• Examples
– Rosa hybrida cv. Royalty Royalty rose
– Pyrus communis cv. Bartlett Bartlett Pear
– Malus domestica cv. Fuji Fuji Apple
– Fragaria ananasa Strawberry
Examples of Rosaceae Crops
 Solanaceae (Nightshade Family)
• About 90 genera, 2200 species
• Mostly native to South America
• Genus Solanum is the largest with 1700 species
• Many species contain alkaloids, solanine, nicotine,
atropine
• Examples
– Solanum tuberosum Potato
Solanum tuberosum ‘Susset Burbank’ Russet Burbank potato
– Petunia hybrida cv. Red Cascade Red Cascade petunia
– Lycopersicon esculentum Tomato
– Capsicum frutescens ‘Red Bell’ Red Bell peper
Some Solanaceae Crops
 Cucurbitaceae (Gourd Family)

• About 100 genera, 559 species

• Native to both the old and new worlds
• Mostly vines with tendrils
• Examples
– Citrullus vulgaris Watermelon
– Cucumis sativus Cucumber
– Cucurbita pepo Pumpkin
– Cucurbita maxima Squash
– Cucumis melo Muskmelon
Some Cucurbitaceae
Plants
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae, Mustard Family)
• About 350 genera, 3200 species
• Cole crops such as cabbage, broccoli,
radish
• Many are common garden crops
• Typically 4-merous (cross-like flower petals)
• Examples
– Brassica oleracea Cabbage, kale, kohlrabi,
broccoli, cauliflower
– Brassica napa Pak Choi, Napa cabbage,
turnip
– Brassica juncea Mustard
– Raphanum sativa Radish, Daikon radish
Some Brassicaceae Vegetables
 Apiaceae (formally Umbelliferae,
Celery or Parsnip Family)

• About 250 genera, 2500 species

• Annual or biennial herb
• Umbel shape inflorescence (compound
umpels)
• Examples
– Daucus carota Carrot
– Apium graceolens Celery
– Coriandrum sativum Coriander
– Petroselinum hortense Parsley
 Some Apiaceae Crops

Coriander

Purple carrot
 Liliaceae (Lily Family)
Monocots
• About 240 genera, 3000 species
• Specialized foot storage organs such as
rhizomes, bulbs, fleshy roots)
• Include many ornamental plants
• Examples
– Asparagus officinalis Asparagus
– Lilium longiglorum Easter lily
– Aloe barbadensis Aloe vera
– Allium cepa Onion
– Tulipa spp. Tulips
 Some Liliaceae Plants

Asparagus

Garlic Easter
lily

Garlic

Aloe vera

Tulip

Onion

Trillium
 Orchidaceae (Orchid Family)
Monocots

• About 800 genera, 30,000 species

• Mostly native to tropical and subtropical regions
• Epiphytic as well as terrestrial growth habits
• Many species are used as ornamentals
• Examples
– Vanilla planifolia Vanilla orchid
– Cattleya spp. Cattleya orchids
– Dendrobium spp. Dendrobium orchids
– Phalaenopsis spp. Phalaenopsis orchids
– Cymbidium spp. Cymbidium orchids
– Cypripedium reginae Lady slipper orchid
 Some Orchidaceae Plants

Vanilla flower

Phalaenopsis
Cattleya

Lady Slipper Cattleya hybrid

Vanilla orchid