Institute Of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow

Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering

A Seminar Presentation on
THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER (LHC)

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 CONTENTS

1. What is LHC?
2. What is HADRON?
3. What are QUARKS?
4. Why LHC?
5. HIGGS BOSON and HIGGS FIELD
6. Finding HIGGS BOSON
7. Controversies
8. Cost of LHC
9. Future works of LHC
10. References
 s L H C ?
Wha t i

• The LHC is exactly what its

name suggests - a large
collider of hadrons. Strictly,
LHC refers to the collider; a
machine that deserves to
be labelled ‘large’, it not
only weighs more than
38,000 tonnes, but runs for
27km (16.5m) in a circular
tunnel 100 metres beneath
the Swiss/French border at
Geneva.
Source: http://lhc-milestones.web.cern.ch/LHC-Milestones/year2008-en.html
 a bo v e
C f rom
LH
 Let’s get to the basics…
First….What is HADRON?
Before going to HADRON we must understand
what is QUARK??
 A R K ?
What is QU

Source : http://www.jlab.org/publications/12GeV/02.html
 R O N ?
W ha t i s H AD
HADRON
• Hadrons are particles which
interact via strong interaction
(“Hadros” is Greek root for 3 Quarks 2 Quarks
“Strong and thick”).
• Hadrons are made of either
two or three quarks. Baryon Meson

e.g. Proton, e.g.. Muon,

neutron kaon

Odd half integral Zero or integral

spin(fermions) spin(BOSON)

S.N. Bose
 LH C ?
Why
.

The LHC is designed to accelerate sub-atomic particles to

nearly the speed of light and then smash them together
replicating conditions which is similar to those that existed
a few moments after the Big Bang. In this way physicists
hope to discover how the Universe evolved.
What happens in LHC experiment?

Source: LHC, The Guide, CERN

 OS O N?
GGS B
Wha t is HI

Peter Higgs

The Higgs is a hypothetical particle that gives

mass to all other particles. It’s a subatomic
particle long thought to be a fundamental
building block of the universe.
How the Higgs Mechanism
Works ?

1. Numerous person chat quietly in a

fairly crowded room.

2. A famous person enters the room

causing a disturbance in the field.

3. Followers cluster and surround the

famous one as this group of people
forms a “massive object”.
 H I GG S
g the
Findin

• If the Higgs mechanism is real, we should see an extra

massive particle (the Higgs boson).
• Massive particles can only produced with high energy
particle colliders.
• We don’t quite know the mass of the Higgs particle, but the
LHC energy is high enough to give us a definite answer!
• The Higgs boson explains why particles have mass — and in
turn why we exist.

So LHC is built to find the Higgs boson predicament!

 t h LH C
t ro v e r sy w i
Con
• There had been much speculation that the LHC was unsafe
because it could produce black holes which could eventually
grow to the point that they swallow up the Earth.

• Rolf-Dieter Heuer, director of CERN, admitted that "micro black

holes" may be created but he insisted this was safe as they are
of very low energy and would decay almost immediately .

• So no microscopic black holes produced inside the LHC could

generate a strong enough gravitational force to pull in
surrounding matter.

• So there is no reason to believe that collisions inside the LHC

are harmful.
 f L H C
Cost o
• The total project cost breaks down roughly as follows:

(Source: LHC, The Guide, CERN)

CHF: In currencies this is abbreviation of Swiss franc.

1 Swiss franc = 1.02375 U.S. Dollars = 56.492109 Indian rupees
 un t r i e s
tin g C o
ont r ibu
C

Red areas = countries involved

These are only countries officially involved with institutions.

Many individual colleagues from additional countries working with
CERN!
 Wo r ks
Future

• It is clear that the LHC has a very good chance to answer a lot of
meaningful questions regarding physics and the nature of our
universe.

• On 4 July 2012 in a seminar, experiment spokesperson Fabiola

Gianotti said “We observe in our data clear signs of a new particle
but a little more time is needed to prepare these results for
publication.”

• The next step will be to determine the precise nature of the particle
and its significance for understanding of the universe.
 re nc e s
R e fe

Text Sources:
• Beiser, A., (2003), Concept of Modern Physics, the McGraw-Hill companies, 6th
edition.
• LHC- The Guide, CERN.
Other Sources:
• Guest Lecture on ‘Quest for the Higgs Boson’ by Kajari Mazumdar, TIFR, organised
by Mathematics and Physics Club, IIT, Powai August 8, 2012.
• http://public.web.cern.ch/public/Welcome.html
• http://berto-meister.blogspot.in/2012/04/strange-charm-song-about-quarks.html
• http://www.slipperybrick.com/2006/12/barrel-toroid-superconducting-magnet-
atlas-detector/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlas_detector_CERN_feb2007.jpg
• http://lhc-milestones.web.cern.ch/LHC-Milestones/year2008-en.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Construction_of_LHC_at_CERN.jpg
THANK YOU