Azerbaijan University of

Architecture and Construction Hacettepe University

Title:
energy-efficient buildings` design
Akbarova Samira, sqiom@yahoo.com
PhD, Ass. Prof. of the department
“Construction of Engineering Systems and Facilities” 1
Have something for everyone in my lectures
OUTLİNE Of Lecture

2
Importance of energy
Energy efficiency
Definition:
“Energy-efficient building is a building that provides
the same (or higher) level of energy services
at lower energy consumption and cost.”
(UNEP- United Nations Environment Programme ).”

Output energy
is always lower
than input energy
Importance of energy. Energy efficiency

-60% of all PrEn

used is lost in
various stages
of conversion
and use
-60% of the
ramaining part
is lost or wasted
at the end-use
stage
 Buildings sector: facts

Source: World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

 Buildings sector: Quick stats, trends

40% primary energy consumption

50% natural resources
33% CO 2 emissions
30% raw materials used
25% water usage
5% solid waste
20% liquid waste

In developed countries, the building sector typically dominates in EnCo

 In developing countries, the industrial sector dominates
As the countries develop, the percentage of EnCo used in construction
sector, tends to increase
 Energy usages in building

Which are the necceseties? How can they be satisfied?

Fresh and clean air Windows, ventilation systems, air
conditioning systems
Comfortable climate with Winter heating (thermal insulation,
temperatures between 19- radiators, fan coils, south-facing windows)
25 °C Summer cooling (thermal insulation,
shading, air conditioners, ventilation
systems, natural air circulation)
Water (drinking water and Potable water, boiler
domestic hot water)
Good light, preferably High-performance windows, lamps,
natural candles…
Availability of equipment Washing machine, dishwasher, dryer,
for cleaning washbasin, shower, bathtub
Energy usage in buildings depends on
Classification of buildings by En Consumption
Construction
materials
 Different typical solutions of construction materials :
•walls – concrete, timber, brick, limestone, steel,
glass, composite materials, green walls;
•roof – concrete slabs, timber beams, green roofs;
•floor – concrete slabs and timber;
•windows– double, triple glazing with plastic, wooden
and metal frames, in-built louvers
Architectural-urban-planning solutions
1- Orientation, layout,
local climate conditions
2- Glazing, shading devices
3- Passive solar-wind design
strategies

10 %
The streamlined buildings are applied as wind-adjustable ones
Their curved shapes minimize the negative influence of strong winds

Baku White City,

Office Building
BREEM sertificate

H.A.Cultural center
International Mugham Center
Engineering-construction systems of the buildings

40 %
Heating
Ventilation
Air Conditioning
Refrigeration
Heating / DHW demand

Emitters

Radiators

Fast reaction

Good control

Floor heating

Comfort

Aesthetic benefits
 The objective of HVACR systems is
to achieve indoor air quality and thermal comfort -
by control the temperature, humidity, air movement, and air
cleanliness
 Renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources–

energy from a source that is
not depleted by extraction:
solar, wind, hydro–tidal, wave,
geothermal, biomass and much more.
non-renewable energy – energy from
a source that is depleted by extraction
– all minerals- fossil fuels: coal; natural
gas; petroleum and ets.

Building energy needs must meet entirely through

renewable and non-GHG emitting energy sources
Renewable energy sources

20 %
Energy efficient building
Solar energy is used for:
Domestic water system;
Heating system;
Active solar technologies
(photovoltaic, solar thermal) can
be mounted on or
integrated into the building
envelope
 Conclusion

Nowadays engineers, builders and architects

have to provide energy-efficient, eco-friendly,
practical, cost-effective and inspiring solutions
for buildings.
Make energy efficient buildings means to make
better the environment and to save it for future
generations
Energy efficiency has become increasingly
important both for the economy and
energy security of Azerbaijan.
At the same time, there are no enough
procedures, methodology, standards,
schemes, tools and software for Energy
auditing of buildings and related
regulations available in Azerbaijan.
It is necessary to implement energy efficiency measures in
buildings, to reduce the energy consumption and costs,
and to improve the indoor environment.
Each building is unique and each project must be treated
separately to find individual energy savings possibilities.
All the factors influencing the energy consumption of
building and the indoor environment must be evaluated:
building envelope (walls, windows, roofs and floors),
heating system, mechanical ventilation system, domestic
hot water system, automatic control systems, lighting,
various installations like kitchen, laundry, etc.
In addition, it is also necessary to take into consideration
how the building and its installations actually are being
operated and used (often not as designed).
What is building as a whole energy system?

The key to achieving deep reductions in building energy use is to

analyze the building as an entire integrated system
A new approach to building design, referred to as the
Integrated Design Process
Classification of EnEf strategies:
passive and active
 selection of optimal building`s envelope construction

Proper insulation:
• High levels of insulation of all exterior components
(walls, windows, ceiling, roof, basement)
• Eliminate thermal bridges and other energy leaks
• a high degree of airtightness on the exterior building
envelope
Use Sustainable Building Materials 
No use of materials emitting of Volatile Organic ompounds
using high reflectivity building materials
Energy Star Windows with in-built louvres
  doors with a very high resistance to heat loss
 Energy efficient solutions: passive Ventilation
Ventilation helps provide fresh
air for the occupants of a
building as well as to cool and
reduce humidity of a building.
A relative humidity range of
between 40-70% is required
for comfortable conditions
• Natural ventilation :
• Stack affect functions on the
principle of warm air rising
inside a building.
• Air pressure difference uses
the effects of wind and
pressure over and around a
building
 The different typical solutions of
construction materials:
•walls – concrete, timber, brick, lime-stone;
•roof – concrete slabs and timber beams;
•floor – concrete slabs and timber;
•windows– single, double and triple glazing
with plastic, wooden and metal frames.
Energy efficient solutions: Insulation
Parts of the building with a higher
thermal conductivity: thermal bridges

Thermal bridges might cause structural

damage in the long term

Common thermal bridges: joints between

a concrete wall and wooden roof, the
walls and the flooring, the wall and the
windows, and the floor and the exterior
wallXarici-qoruyucu konstruksiyalar: Istilik itkiləri

Thermal bridges can be

monitored and made visible
using an infrared camera
(thermographic camera) using
infrared radiation
Different materials – different characteristics
 Energy efficient solutions: U-Value
• The U-value measures how
well a building component,
e.g. a wall, roof or a
window, keeps heat inside
a building
•  U-values are important
measures for
understanding the amount
of energy that is needed to
keep a comfortable inside
temperature
•  The higher the U-value
the more heat flows
through
Energy efficient solutions: U-Value

Typical U-values of windows:

 4 mm single glass: 5,7 W/m²K
 5 mm single glass: 4,7 W/m²K
Normal double glazing: 2,8 W/m²K
 Low-emissivity double glazing: 1,3 W/m²K
Triple glazing: 0,8 W/m²K
Energy efficient solutions:
Solar shading
Moveable forms of shading (like louvres,
awnings, sunscreens) are better suited for the
varying seasons. In warm climates courtyards
can also provide shading and enhance natural
ventilation flow in warm humid regions.
In cold climates even the most advanced glazed
window will lose heat faster than an insulated
wall.
Natural shading in the form of trees and vegetation
can also be used to keep out the sun and the
wind.
 HVAC systems are of great importance to
architectural design for three main reasons:
1. they consume substantial floor space and
building volume for equipment and
distribution elements;
2. HVAC systems constitute a single major
budget item in building projects;
3. the success of a building depends on the
ability to provide Indoor Air Quality the least
operating costs (maintenance, energy, or
replacement).
 innovative solutions
 passive ventilation
 passive buildings
 cooling by absorption technology
 shadowing by building elements and trees
 white roofs and surfaces
 Energy efficient solutionsAir
conditioning / Cooling strategies
Efficient types of cooling systems:
Lake Water Cooling
Air Source Heat Pumps
Ground Source Heat Pumps
Absorption Chillers
Adsorption Chillers
Evaporative Cooling
Thermal wheel desiccant cooling
Liquid desiccant cooling
Options to reduce the cooling load include:
• orientation- to minimize the wall area facing east or west;
• clustering buildings to provide some degree of self-shading, as in
many traditional communities in hot climates;
• using high reflectivity building materials, with white reflective
• increasing insulation;
• providing adjustable shading
• using windows with a low solar heat gain – and avoiding excessive
window area, particularly on east- and west-facing walls;
• using highly efficient lighting and household appliances, electronics,
and office equipment to reduce internal cooling loads;
• utilizing thermal mass to minimize daytime interior temperature
peaks, combined with nighttime cooling;
• Vegetation integrated into building surfaces, walls and roofs,
contributes to cooling by reducing heat gains and through
evaporation.