Small Gasoline Engines

Engine
Define Engine:

Are these engines?

What is the primary difference between

these engines and modern engines?
 Heat Engine

How does modern

engines use heat?
 Two general categories based on
how the heat is used.

External combustion engine

Internal combustion engine

Internal Combustion Engines
 Small Engine Development
(pg 5)

Year Engine Designer/developer

1680 Gunpowder Christian Huygens
1698 Savery Pump Thomas Saverly
1712 Newcomen Steam Thomas Newcomen
1763 Watt Double-acting steam James Watt
1801 Coal gas/electric ignition Eugene Lebon
1802 High pressure steam Richard Trevithick
1859 Pre-mixed fuel and air Etienne Lenoir
1862 Gasoline Nikolaus Otto
1876 Four cycle gasoline Nikolaus Otto
1892 Diesel Rudolf Diesel
1953 Die-cast aluminum B&S
 Internal Combustion--Intro

Engine designs can be classified by:

1. Size
2. Ignition system
3. Strokes per cycle
4. Cylinder orientation

5. Crankshaft orientation
6. Control system
7. Cooling system
 1. Engine Size

Engines are available in a wide range of sizes.

Industry definition: “A small engine is an internal

combustion engine rated up to 25 horsepower.”
 1. Size - Largest
The Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C
turbocharged two-stroke diesel engine is
the most powerful and most efficient
prime-mover in the world today.

The cylinder bore is just under 38"

and the stroke is just over 98".
Each cylinder displaces 111,143
cubic inches (1,820 liters) and
produces 7,780 horsepower.
Total displacement comes out to 1,556,002 cubic
inches (25,480 liters) for the fourteen cylinder
version.
 1. Size - Smallest
• Not much bigger than a stack of
pennies, the "mini engine" is the
first engine of its size to deliver
power on a continuous basis.

• Currently will produce 2.5 watts

of electricity (0.00335 hp).

• Uses 1/2 fluid ounce of fuel per

hour
2. Ignition

Spark ignition

Compression ignition

What is the primary difference?

 3. Cycles

Four stroke

Two stroke

Name one common use for each type.

 4. - Cylinder Orientation
There is no limit on the number of cylinders that a small engines can
have, but it is usually 1 or 2.

Four common cylinder orientations for small engines

Vertical
Slanted Horizontal
Multi position

Give an example of a use for each.

 4. - Cylinder Orientation—cont.

Three common cylinder configuration in multiple cylinder engines:

V
Horizontally opposed

In-line

Can you identify one application

for each of these types?
 5. Crankshaft Orientation

Small gas engines use three crankshaft orientations:

Multi-position
Horizontal

Vertical

Identify a use for each one.

 6. Controls
 Traditionally engines are controlled by
mechanical means.
 Governor
 Throttle
 Choke
 Etc.
 Honda has an engine with an
electronic control unit (ECU).

 ECU - Electronic Control Unit

– Monitors and controls engine functions including Throttle, Choke, Ignition
Timing, Oil Alert
– Offers programmable governor and throttle modes for unprecedented flexibility
and diagnostic LED for trouble shooting
– Stepper motors precisely control throttle and choke position
 7. Cooling System

Small engines use two types of cooling systems:

– Air

– Water

Why does an internal combustion engine need a cooling

system?

Why what are the advantages and disadvantages of both

systems?
 7. Cooling System—cont.

How is excess heat moved within and removed from the engine?
 7. Cooling system—cont.

Which one(s) of the heat transfer methods are used by the

following engine systems?
Cooling
Lubrication
Fuel
Physical Principles of Engines
 Energy

Energy is the capacity for doing work.

What are the two forms of energy?

Which form are these?

 Boyle’s Laws

Boyle’s Law: the volume of gas varies inversely with the pressure.
– Any confined gas will double its pressure when the volume is
decreased by one half.

Small gas engines use a compression ratio of 8:1.

Theoretical compression
pressure.
Using an atmospheric pressure
of 14.7 psi and a compression
ratio of 8:1 the theoretical
compression pressure is: 117.6
Note: psi
The actual cylinder press will be
different because of the losses that occur
and the complex relationship between gas
pressure and temperature.
 Charles Law
The pressure and temperature of a confined gas are directly
proportional.

The increase in temperature can be approximated by:

T2 = T1 x n0.4 For an engine with a 8:1 compression

ratio and an initial temperature of 72 oF,
T1= initial temperature the compression temperature will be:
T2 = final temperature
n = Compression ratio T2 = T1 x n0.4
An engine with a 21:1 = 72 o F x 80.4
compression ratio and an T2 = T1 x n0.4  165 o F
initial temperature of 72
o
F, the compression = 72 o F x 210.4
temperature will be:
 243 o F

 Force

“Anything that changes or tends to change the state of

rest or motion of a body.”

A force can result in pressure, torque or work, depending on

how it is applied.
 Force--Pressure

Pressure is a force acting on a unit of area.

The cylinder pressure is not constant.

–Increases during compression.

–Sharp spike after combustion
–Decreases through power stroke

How high can the pressure reach in a combustion chamber?

 Force—Pressure—cont.

In an engine the pressure produced in the combustion chamber

is converted to a force.
– The pressure is applied uniformly to all surfaces, including the
head of the piston.

 lb 
 
Pressure 2  x Area in2 = Force (lb)
in 


 Torque
“A force acting on the perpendicular radial
distance from a point of rotation.”

To (lb-ft) = Force x Radius

Problem: Determine the amount of torque that will
be produced for an engine that has an average
combustion pressure of 250 psi, a 2.75 inch bore
and 1.25 inch throw.
 lb 
Force(lb) = Pressure  x Area(in 2 )
in2 
 lb   B2
= 250  x
in2  4
To = Force (lb) x Lever (ft)
 lb  3.14 x 2.75 2
= 250  x 1 ft
in2  4 = 1484 lb x 1.25 in x
12 in
= 1484 lb
= 154 lb - ft
 Power

Power is the rate of doing work.

P=W
T
Problem: How much power is an
engine producing if the torque is FxD
154 lb-ft and the engine operates at P=
3,000 RPM. T
P = To x RPM
lb - ft  154 lb - ft rev
P  = x 3,000
 min  rev min
lb - ft
min 
= 46,200
 Horsepower

A unit of power developed by James

Watt to provide a basis for comparing
the amount of power produced by
horses and other engines.

1 Hp = 33,000 ft-lb/min

Problem: How many horsepower is 1 Hp

Hp = Power x
an engine producing if the power is ft - lb
33,000
46,200 ft-lb/min? min
ft - lb 1 Hp
= 46,200 x
min ft - lb
33,000
min
= 1.4 Hp
The End